language

More than considering the amount of time and dedication learning a new language demands, it is also important to consider why it is worth learning. Reasons for learning a foreign language varies, it could be practical, aspirational, intellectual, or even sentimental. But whatever reason it might be, a clear idea of why you want to learn a language can help motivate you in your studies.

This list can help distinguish your reason.

Emigration. Moving to a different country or region can be difficult. Learning the local’s language will help you communicate and integrate with the local community. It will also show your interest in and commitment to the new place.

Loved Ones. If your partner, relatives or friends speak a different language, learning their native tongue will help you better communicate with them. What’s more, it will give you a better understanding of their culture.

Career. Learning to speak the language of your foreign clients will provide you with the leverage to negotiate a business deal and to secure a contract. Knowledge of foreign languages can also increase your chances of finding a job, of getting a promotion, or of being sent overseas.

Interpreters can only provide limited assistance. It is vastly advantageous if you can understand what your colleagues or clients are discussing in meetings or in social gatherings.

Study or Research. You might be surprised to find out that the subject you’re interested in is published in a foreign language. Learning that language will enable you to understand the material, so you can appreciate the subject more.

Travel. Don’t just get by when you take a holiday in other places. Having advanced knowledge of the language will give you more than just the ability to order food and buy tickets with much ease; by giving you the ability to have a real conversation with the locals, knowledge of the language will definitely give your holiday a new dimension.

Faith. If you are a missionary, learning different types of language will help you spread the message of your faith more easily. In fact, missionaries have played a major role in documenting and devising writing systems for many languages.

Taking the Challenge. Maybe learning a different language gives you a rush that’s similar to the one a thrill seeking parachutists get after jumping off a plane.

Never Enough! Maybe there is no profound or spectacular reason why you want to learn; you’re just perhaps one of the many people who are ensnared by the vernacular addiction.

UK Language Learning Centre provides free information about language courses, books, and shares useful internet resources with language learners from all over the world.

Aborigines are Australia’s indigenous people. There is evidence of their culture that dates back to 50, 000 years ago. The country is made up of harsh desert conditions, which forced the aborigines to have extensive knowledge of the plants, animals and water sources in the country. This is based on a skeleton found in Australia. It was found in New South Wales, near Lake Mungo. Aboriginals used to return to certain sites to bury their dead.

There are 600 tribes of Aboriginals, each with different dialects and languages. With the arrival of westerners, the traditional Aboriginal way of life has slowly changed. Most Aboriginals have forfeited their traditional nomadic ways for the comfort of cities and towns. There are 250 languages that have been recorded in Australia.

Today the majority of Aboriginals speak Australian English as their first language. Only 15% speak their mother tongue as a first language. They have also developed a language, which is known as Aboriginal English, which is a combination of their mother tongue and English. Originally there were about 350 to 750 distinct Aboriginal social groupings. Today there are less then 200, with 20 of them being in high risk of extinction.

Only 10% are being passed onto children in isolated rural areas. There are common vocabularies between the different languages, for example the display for close relatives. There are terms that have spread worldwide, such as Billabong. Billabong was used to name a popular youth surfing brand, which originated in Australia.

The original meaning of the word is “small pool of water” or “lagoon”. There are other terms, such as boomerang, which has been made popular by cartoons over the years. The boomerang is a weapon used by the Aboriginals to hunt with. It is generally made out of wood, which is curved. If thrown correctly, it will hit the object and fly back to the thrower.

Another fairly popular item of the Aboriginals is an instrument called the Didgeridoo. It is usually about 90 to 150 cm's in length and is a cylindrical wind instrument. It is made out of wood with paintings of the owner’s totem on it. It creates a beautiful low-pitched, resonant sound when blown correctly.

The National Geographic has created a programme to try and protect the remaining culture and language of the Aboriginal people. Many of the traditions are being recorded, as well as the knowledge of the land and environment that they possess. So far, the project has been hugely successful and with a bit of luck, our children and their children will be able to carry on enjoying the beautiful culture, folklore and history of the Aboriginal people to come.

Celeste writes for language-and-culture-news.info/>Language and Culture News , a site dedicated to all language-and-culture-news.info/>cultural and language news.

Bushmen are generally associated with a culture of nomadic hunter-gather people in the Kalahari Desert of Africa. They are known under different names in different regions, such as Basarwa in Botswana. In Namibia and South Africa, they are called San. They prefer to be called bushmen, as they are proud of their origin and their extensive knowledge of the bushveld, which is where they live.

Their language is quite unique in comparison to other languages. It is comprised of a selection of clicks. There are a variety of versions of their language. In total there are five types of click noises, which they use. Overall the click is created by a sucking action of the tongue. However, different positioning alters the click noise by changing the way air is released.

The sounds are written as “/” (dental), “?” (palatal), “!” (alveolar or retroflex), “//” (lateral) and “ ” (circle with dot) (bibabial). The sound // is similar to a noise a rider would make when urging his horse to move.

The sound / is similar to a “tsk tsk” or tutting, when you are expressing sympathy to a person. The ! is the noise that you make with your tongue to imitate a cork popping from a bottle. Lastly ? sounds like a baby sucking with a tongue just behind their teeth.

Different groups of Bushman use different clicks. The tribe of bushmen that live north of Uitspan Hunting Ranch speak two kinds, called West !Xoon and N/ohan. Overall the two are part of the Taa language group.

Taa means person or human being and is the one variation, which is still spoken by the majority of the Bushmen. Most of the Bushmen live in Botswana. Due to the numbers of speakers from the tribes, the language has fallen under the endangered language list. However, organisations are busy trying to record all the culture, traditions, history and language, as well as their large knowledge of the plants and nature.

In Namibia, the largest group of Bushmen can be found at the Uitspan Hunting Ranch. The ranch is on communal land. They call the area the “Korridor” – because it lies between the former Aminuis Native Reserve and the Botswana Border. The place was established in 1923 for Herero cattle herders to roam since the Namibian Independence.

Originally it served as a buffer zone against the cattle spreading disease from Botswana into the reserve. Today the Korridor is divided into 22 farms. Each farm has a few boreholes and one of them was given to the Bushman tribe.

It is here that the Bushman created their village, which the locals have dubbed “San Plaas”. Plaas is the Afrikaans word for Farm, Afrikaans being another local language. Since 1997 visitors have been welcome to come and visit and live in the culture and experience it for themselves.

Celeste writes for Translation Bureau a business dedicated to translations.

Should humans learn animal language? Can we learn something from animals’ world? It is without a doubt that the answer must be affirmative. Language is the primary means by which humans communicate with each other. Humans do this through verbalization – the vocal expression of words and sounds, to express thoughts and feelings to other human beings. However, there is reason to believe that language does not only exist among human beings; animals, too, have a means of communication with each other and with us human beings. A good example of animal language would be pack animals such as dogs. Dogs are animals that require a high level of socialization and interaction, and thus, would necessitate a high level of communication within themselves and with human beings. Dogs instinctively, instantaneously and directly express what they feel and what they want, as opposed to the indirect manner by which humans do it. Aside from this, dogs express their messages through a combination of vocalization, body signals and touch signals. Wolves, and even dogs, in cases of aggression, use growling sounds to either warn a potential rival. A rival would be a dog, another animal or a human being who would appear to threaten the dog’s pack dominance or his food source. The vocalization sound was already accompanied with body signals, to further signify that the dog is an aggressive or protective state. In other cases, it would be evident through the dog’s body signals that it is in a submissive state. These signs can also be seen in a friendly dog, who appreciates the touching and caressing that another dog or a human being offers. Since dogs are highly sociable animals, it is normal for their expression to involve touch. A dog massages her newborn puppies’ bellies with her tongue, to stimulate the gastroinstestinal system of her puppies. Further, the mother uses her tongue to lick her puppies and to keep them clean. The high level of touch that was established by the dogs’ mothers during their infancy maybe the reason why adult dogs very much appreciate petting and touching gestures that humans offer. Humans usually show appreciation to their dogs through petting and touching gestures. Dogs usually respond to these signs of appreciation, through their dog language. They show appreciation and affection towards their human masters, through touching, pawing and light yelping. In summary, dogs often readily and instinctively express themselves, whenever they feel the need to. They use a certain language, which is a combination of vocalization, body and touch signals, to communicate with each other and with human beings. Each signal that the dog uses has a unique significance and meaning. Furthermore, the dog uses these signals in conjunction with one another, to convey a unique message to the person or dog that he is communicating with. Therefore, we, as the recipients of the dogs’ messages, should be more sensitive in trying to decipher what our dogs are trying to say. In conclusion, there is a need for humans to better understand the language which dogs use to communicate with us and with other dogs. An adequate understanding of the dog language can lead to proper communication and enhanced relationships with dogs. This will later on enable us to have an improved sense of enjoyment and appreciation of the company that our dogs would offer. Gabriel Rise has been working at essays topics writing service for several years. You can ask her about customer service concerning the analytical essays or contrast essays that you have.

I watched Chicago's Channel 11 – WTTW – last evening. It was a program intended to raise money from the listeners -- fund-raising for WTTW.

This program was Andre Rieu: Radio City Musical Hall. Andre Rieu is Holland-Dutch and his programs that I've seen prior to this were in another language, with the English translation on the screen. This program, coming from New York, was in English and Rieu's English is VERY GOOD.

It was a 2-hour program. Slightly more than half was program. The balance was "pitch."

Andre Rieu's programs are OUTSTANDING. This was no exception.

Rieu spoke of the fact that New York was a great big wonderful city. He also said that it had more nationalities there than any other city IN THE WORLD – AND THAT THEY ALL GOT ALONG.

(There are undoubtedly some exceptions to that, at least from time to time. But, basically, it's true. New people come here. Maybe there is friction for them at first. But, eventually, it "smooths out." "West Side Story" or not, more new people LIVE than die prematurely because of their nationality.)

A substantial part of this program was Rieu's introduction of the Harlem Gospel Choir. It performed. Then it was joined by Rieu's "Choir of Special Voices" – mainly white. The two groups sang together – some nice stuff. The show then went on with various other performers and ended up with EVERYONE SINGING THE HALLELUJAH CHORUS. WOW!

Rieu also thanked that huge audience in Radio City Music Hall, as well as the millions of us watching TV, for our beautiful reception of him and our cordiality to his group. The audience liked that.

I wrote an earlier article suggesting there is "danger" in the attempts to create new definitions for old words by today's teenagers. It seems to escalate over the years. My thought is that it was the different languages of EACH country in that vast area called "Europe" that caused/enabled/promoted WARS! If people can't talk together and understand one another, how can they get along with one another? Rieu's program included all kinds of music – music from every "generation" of music. The only people who might not have understood parts of it were people who had "different" definitions of words than we who are still the "majority."

I understand that the teenagers are hanging on to "their" language – bringing it into their workplaces – and I think that's dangerous.

For instance, there couldn't be programs such as Andre Rieu's if audiences had different word definitions from one another. I understood what I heard, but "you" (all the people who speak the "new" kid language) wouldn't. –Right in New York! – and every other place in the country!

What I hope is that the non-teenagers will STRONGLY RESIST attempts to change the meanings of our words. Some words DO change meanings over time, but slowly. It seems to me that we are able to "handle" this.

But having the younger people putting one definition on a word and older people using their long-standing definition is a sure way to start wars – of one kind or another.

Look back at Europe's wars before English became as widespread as it is now. It obviously helps that so many Europeans learn English as a second language. Changing the meanings of English words would surely cause an awful lot of trouble.

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Flowers have a language of their own, a bright particular language, that is fun to explore.

Almost all women like flowers. They like to receive many flowers even if is her birthday or an anniversary or for no reason at all. The woman consider that it doesn't really have to be a special day to bring her flowers, it should happen in any simple day in order to show your feelings for her.

If you didn't bring her flowers for a long time, she might think that you have no feelings any more for her.

If you have already a girlfriend and you care about her you should show your feelings. If you decided to do this by bringing her flowers, you have a large variety to choose from. Every kind of flower has a particular language, all of them express something. So, according to your feelings for her and what you want to show her, choose the flower which it represents you.

For example, ROSES are most use because have a lot of senses. Every color means something else:

* red - imply passionate, romantic love
* white - express innocence, purity, secrecy, virtue and chastity
* yellow - friendship or devotion, a dying love, platonic love, and also means jealousy and infidelity
* blue - mystery, attaining the impossible
* orange - desire, passion
* burgundy - beauty
* pink - a lesser affection, grace
* light pink - admiration, sympathy
* dark pink - gratitude
* red and yellow - joy, happiness, excitement
* red and white - unity

Another beautiful and used flower is LILY:

* imperial one -express majesty
* day lily - means coquetry
* white - youthful innocence, purity
* yellow - gaiety, falsehood
* water lily - purity of heart

If you want to show her your thoughts, bring her CAMELLIA:

* pink - I'm longing for you
* red - you're in flame in my heart
* white - you're adorable

In addition, TULIPS may help you in expressing your thoughts and feelings:

* red - declaration of love, show trust
* variegated - compliments, beautiful eyes
* yellow - there's sunshine in your smile

IRIS is named after the Messenger of the Gods in Greek mythology

* represents a message being sent, faith, hope, wisdom and valor, compliments

ORCHID are very beautiful and refinement flowers:

* means - love, beauty, compliments like beautiful lady

If you are at the beginning of your relationship, you may give her LILAC:

* purple one - express the fist emotion of love
* white - youthful innocence, purity

Use JASMINES to express amiability:

* yellow - grace and elegance
* Spanish - sensuality

LOTUS means eloquence:

* lotus flower - estranged love

For showing modesty buy VIOLET:

* blue - faithfulness, watchfulness

SUNFLOWERS - mean either haughtiness or respect

MAGNOLIA - express love of the nature, nobility

* swamp magnolia - perseverance

NARCISSUS - compliments as if you are so sweet, and egotism

AMBROSIA - tells her that her love is reciprocated

DAISY - imply purity, innocence, loyal love

IVY - use this for expressing your fidelity

PANSY - means thoughts

Therefore, using flowers is an easy way to express your feelings and it is at your choice which flowers represent you better and your thoughts.

Most parents wish that their baby would grow up without crying. But remember that without crying your baby will not be able to communicate anything with you. Accept the fact that crying is a way of developing the baby language. Especially, in the first six months, babies cry to communicate their needs. As a parent, you cannot always tell, but many mothers in due course will be able to recognize their baby's needs from the type of cry. The most common reason for babies to cry is hunger. But there are many more common reasons for them to cry too. If your baby cries after a feed, do not jump to the conclusion that the feed was inadequate; instead look for probable reasons other than hunger. Babies cry to express their needs as they cannot communicate otherwise. Given below are the various reasons for which a child/baby cries. As a parent it is important to comprehend the baby language i.e. the reason of cry.

Some common reasons are:

Hunger: In the early part of their lives, babies may need to be fed at short intervals, sometimes in even less than two hours. Frequent feeding will help and over time your baby will space out his/her feeds.

Thirst: Usually not seen in breast-fed babies, but can happen to bottle fed babies, more so in summer.

Diaper-change: If the diapers are left on too long, it can cause painful and uncomfortable rashes. Frequent changing of diapers can prevent these troubles.

Too hot, too cold: Since babies are unable to change their clothes or uncover themselves on their own, they will cry to let you know that they are uncomfortable. The proper way is to feel your baby's body. If it feels cool, add a blanket. If he/she is sweaty or hot, remove a layer of clothing.

Uncomfortable clothes or positioning: Check to see if there is anything poking your baby like a price tag or a piece of Velcro. Change his/her clothes or give him/her some time being naked or swaddled in a warm blanket. Also, change his/her position of sleep. If he/she is lying on the back put him/her on his/her back.

Bowel movements: Some babies will cry, scream and get pink in the face just before passing urine or bowel movement. Once they are done they will be okay.

Anxiety and fear: Sudden movements and loud noises can trigger crying. Be gentle with your baby.

Boredom: Babies who are bored cry to get your attention. Picking up your baby and interacting with him/her can put a quick end to the crying spell.

Tiredness: Babies always don't know that they need to sleep when they're tired. It's your job to calm them down for naptime, not stimulate them.

Sometimes you and your baby can get into a crying cycle. When babies cry, you get anxious and start panicking. Your baby senses this, feels uncomfortable and cries even more. If you find yourself getting into these cycles, talk to your doctor. A sick baby will cry, but will also have other symptoms of illness like runny nose, fever, tugging the ear or diarrhea. Generally a healthy baby will have a strong, loud cry. If your baby's cry becomes weak, contact your doctor right away.

Crying is almost synonymous to baby language. A child primarily expresses it's emotions by crying, making sounds, laughing etc. In the initial stages, it is no cakewalk for a parent to comprehend their child's needs. But with passage of time, the message is communicated effectively and it is an important step in bonding between a parent and child.

Alvaro Castillo has been helping people with topics relating to pregnancy for 10 years, with positive results. For more information go to www.myhomeparent.com or visit http://myhomeparent.blogspot.com to share your opinion

Lexis

General items are outwith, meaning outside of; pinkie for little
finger; doubt meaning to think or suspect; and wee, the Scots word for
small. Correct is often preferred to right meaning morally right.

Culturally specific items like caber, haggis, and landward for rural.

There is a wide range of legal and administrative vocabulary inherited
from Scots. depute /ˈdɛpjuːt/ for deputy. proven /ˈproːvən/ for proved,
and sheriff substitute for acting sheriff.

Phonology

Pronunciation features vary among speakers, and there are regional
differences:

* It is a rhotic accent, with r usually pronounced as [r] (an
alveolar trill), though sometimes flapped [ɽ] or constricted [ɹ].

* The differentiation between "w" in witch and "wh" in which, [w]
and [ʍ] respectively.

* The realisation [x] for "ch" in loch, technical, etc.

* L is usually dark, though in areas where Gaelic was recently
spoken — including Dumfries and Galloway a clear l may be found.

* The following may occur in colloquial speech, usually among the
young, especially males. They are not usually regarded as part of
SSE, their origin being in Scots:

* The use of glottal stops for [t] between vowels or word final
after a vowel, for example butter /ˈbʌʔəɹ/ and cat /ˈkaʔ/.

* The realisation of the nasal velar in "-ing" as a nasal alveolar
"in'" for example talking /ˈtɑːkɪn/.

* Vowel length is usually non-phonemic and operates in varying
degrees across varieties and gives Scots their distinctive
"clipped" pronunciation. That is generally the same as in the
Scots language.

Some speakers, however, distinguish some pairs by vowel length, for
example leek /lik/ vs. leak /liːk/, vane /ven/ vs. vain /veːn/, creek
/krik/ vs. creak /kriːk/, etc.

* SSE usually distinguishes between [ɛ]-[ɪ]-[ʌ] before [r] in herd-bird-curd,
in Received Pronunciation these have merged into [ɜː].

* SSE contrasts [o] and [ɔ], before [r] as in hoarse and horse.

* Many varieties contrast [oːr] and [uːr], as in shore, core and
door, floor, poor, moor.

* fool and full have [u] or [ʉ] or [y] in SSE where RP
differentiates.

* Many varieties have the cot-caught merger, so that cot and caught
are both pronounced with [ɔ]

* cat and cart have [a(ː)] where RP differentiates.

* SSE usually distinguishes between [ʌur] and [ʌuər], in flour and
flower.


Syntax

Syntactical differences are few though in colloquial speech shall and
ought are wanting, must is marginal for obligation and may is rare.
Many syntactical features of SSE are found in North American English:

* Can I come too? for "May I come too?"

* Have you got any? for "Do you have any?"

* I've got one of those already. for "I have one of those already."

* It's your shot for "It's your turn."

* My hair needs washed. for "My hair needs to be washed."

Other examples are distinctively Scots:

* She's a bonnie lass. for "She's a pretty girl."

* Dae ye no/nae ken? for "Don't you know."

It is a known fact that all animals commute with each other through language and body gestures. But it's only the humans who have developed a system of communication amongst themselves.

Since ancient times the language is changing continuously and still we have new words / lexicons in the modern language itself.

There is no strong evidence about the origin of language but according to researches there is a conclusion that languages came into existence from 3000 B.C. Initially the language was adopted by nomads of Eastern Europe and West Asia and during 2000 B.C. Indo-European languages begin to stretch across Europe, Atlantic Coast & Mediterranean regions. Another language which did come into prominence during this era was Semitic language which found its origin in tribal clans of Arabia.

Today the English is the primary language of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand though we have about 5000 languages in operation (1/3 are just from African subcontinent)

Though the languages in its initial stages were not subject to race but subsequently it followed a pattern and now we could map a particular race with particular languages. Like Persian was the language of Persia (now Iran), Arabic became the prime language of the Arabs, Mandarin for the Chinese and Devnagri for Hindus etc.

So there is separate history associated with respective language but here in this article we would discuss the history of one of the prime language - English language.

English language originates from West Germanic Language (which too originally evolved from Anglo Frisian dialects, German Settlers & Roman troops in major parts of England, Germany & Netherland). The German tribes who ultimately give rise to English language interacted with Roman Empire as a result they borrowed some words from the Latin also so sometimes English language is termed as "Borrowed language".

There are 3 classifications of English:

Old English - Native language for England. Derived from Anglo-Saxon.

Middle English - Came into existence around 1066 A.D. Derived from Anglo-Norman.

Modern English - Language came into prominence since 15th Century. Blend of Greek & Latin words.

Though we are amidst of modern English language but still there are several other regional and tribal languages which are on continuous evolution and improvement.

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