knowledge

1. What does the term corporate amnesia mean? How would you characterize the costs involved in corporate amnesia? Provide some examples to illustrate your points.

Corporate amnesia is characterized when corporations big or small precisely leave behind

their ability to remember on how to perform their tasks. Workforce has a natural small and

selective remembrance combined with a defensiveness that covers out undesirable incidents with

which they and their administrators are engaged. Next to this are the consequences of the principal transformation in bureau customs which is the flexible labor market. In numerous countries, the pace at which permanent employees resign and new ones arrive is nowadays higher than the standard yearly risk level of 10% in several business divisions where output starts to be influenced. What happens is that experienced employees who have mastered the unrecorded event-specific, organization-specific and time-specific organizational memory that characterizes the company’s ability to perform - walks out of the front door on a regular basis. Profession change was originally associated to downsizing but it is now a common facet of the labor market where the standard yearly worker stirs up to 20% in several countries and up to 60% in some enterprise. The expense of corporate amnesia is tremendous. To begin with, the company has to constantly reassess and review its custom through rigorous training programs which are also considered costly. Introduction and training stage of up to 12 months are usual – and pricey, with operating costs variously estimated at 46% of yearly pay for a front-line worker to 240% for a middle supervisor. Subsequently, the majority of facts that would be presented for improved organizational decision-making is decreased, a condition that has an impact on the capability of companies to learn professionally from their individual experiences. By supporting great amounts of job churn, corporations have deliberately selected to function in separation to their own costly attained experience. This is more pricey than having to re-learn, with experimental non-learning projected by a global executive specialist to cost up to 9.7% of gross domestic product in numerous industrial countries.

2. From the following essay write a response letting us know what new knowledge you gained from their essay and summary.

In the preceding years, we’ve come to realize that the theory of organizational culture has acquired broad recognition as a method to comprehend human associations. Every characteristic of organizational culture can be seen as a significant innate circumstance influencing the structure and its substructures. The assessment of organizational culture is also a constructive and advantageous systematic vehicle in its own right. This approach of examining corporations stems a great deal from sociology and employs numerous similar provisions to describe the construction of culture. Edgar Schein, one of the most well-known philosopher of organizational culture, provided an incredibly universal explanation:
The culture of a group can now be defined as: A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. (Schein 373-374)

The notion of culture is predominantly significant when trying to administer enormous company transformation. Advocates are starting to get the picture that regardless of the best strategies, organizational revolution ought to comprise not only varying structures and methods, but also altering the corporate traditions as well. Schein maintains that several predicaments tackled by leaders can be outlined from their failure to study and assess organizational customs. Several leaders, when attempting to execute another policy directing to a new vision, will find out that their approach will not succeed if they are conflicting with the corporation’s culture. A CEO, political appointee, or flag officer who joins an establishment equipped to change working conditions and introduce extensive company transformation, often encounter confrontation and struggle. Problems with organizational renovation happen from failures to scrutinize and understand an organization's existing tradition.

3. From the following essay write a response letting us know what new knowledge you gained from their essay and summary

Knowledge management turns out to be more multifaceted in a global point of view. There are some crucial matters that businesses need to deal with in worldwide knowledge management (Klahr 1996).
• distributed authoring - describe expertise and experience from client support associations around the world; establishing that understanding in case basis.
• knowledge distribution - disseminate knowledge and updates and engaging the local sites to integrate adjustment and additions.
• localization - being able to adapt to global knowledge and combine local knowledge
• maintenance - modernizing and combining both global and local knowledge.
• management and organization - administering a global undertaking and launching further management endeavors and activities globally.

Each global corporation deals with these subjects in various methods depending on their purpose, objective and tradition.

Understanding is very different than knowledge. We could learn about something in great detail, accumulate many facts about it, and yet not really understand it. To understand something is to gain the meaning or essence of something, not to merely have a catalog of facts or just naming it. Understanding also implies being able to apply your understanding. For example, if I said 5 plus 5 equals 10, but 1 plus 1 and 8 plus 8 also equal 10...how many would agree? All three statements are true, but do you have the understanding to see through the problem?

We must also be wary of our beliefs, whether based on knowledge or not. Our beliefs act as blinders and colored lenses through which we perceive the world around us. Optimists and pessimists see the world very differently. When trying to understand something or learn about it, the best thing would be detachment from the results. You do not want to have a stake in your findings. I know skepticism is hailed as the right way to research, but that can only bring us so far. It has its limits because you believe that it is not and therefore that belief is coloring your own perceptions. It is like having a believer research something, the more he researches the more he finds that substantiates his belief and he overlooks much to the contrary. The same applies to non-believers...the skeptics. "Scientific Detachment" is what we need. To just look without a care about what you see. In this way we see reality clearly without coloring our perceptions. We want to understand...see the reality of it...without tripping over the obstacles of what we think we know or our beliefs - for or against.

Also having our consciousness in the here and now is needed. We can't be attached to the past for what we find out may be very different. Also we can't be dwelling on what will be or we won't be looking at what is right now. To keep conscious and in the here and now will assure that what is perceived is the reality of the present, not an afterimage of the past or a mirage of the future.

Here is an exercise to try some time. Take a piece of fruit...say an orange...and really take a look at it. Look at it as if for the first time and you did not know what an orange was. Don't name or label it, just look at it. Weight, color, texture, smell, temperature, size, imperfections, etc...experience this thing totally with all your senses. Now slowly peel it...again experience its color, texture, smell, temperature, how much force is needed to peel it, etc. Next you take a piece...keep mindful of the experience the whole time...and then put a piece in your mouth but do not immediately chew it. What is the initial taste, texture, etc? Then slowly chew it...does it make a sound, again how does it taste, texture, etc. Keep chewing until it is liquefied. Most people swallow without fully chewing their food. Chew really well...when you think it is enough, do it some more. Does the flavor change? Keep using all your senses and see how much you can get out of this experience. What did you learn that you did not know before? Do you better understand oranges? To go further, you could go see what an orange tree looks like and experience/investigate it totally. Look at the seeds and do the same. This is time consuming, but it is amazing how much can be learned about things we take for granted. Lastly, do not merely accumulate facts...try to sense the essence or meaning.

So back to the original problem...5+5=10, 1+1=10, and 8+8=10...and all are true...how could this be? The skeptic would immediately find reasons why these are not all true, but this would get in the way from understanding the reality of it. The answer lies in letting go of the assumptions and possibly the known, and try to see the reality. Each may be true, but does 10=10=10? In this scenario, they equal each other pictorially/visually but not mathematically. So what would give 1+1 the answer of 10 pictorially...binary. 1+1=2 and 2 is represented by 10 in binary. 8+8 would give the answer 10 in hexadecimal. So each set is using a different base...base 10, base 2, and base 16 respectively. Knowledge of different bases and math skills do not necessarily mean someone would understand and solve the problem when they encounter it. This illustrates vividly the difference between knowledge (accumulated facts) and understanding.

The deepest understanding would entail trying to become one with object...presently. Knowledge is only in the past. It is only memories of what was and not necessarily of what is; therefore, knowledge does not bring about understanding. As the past and present are two different things, so knowledge and understanding are two different things; and the twain shall never meet.

Knowledge of Languages

You must have knowledge which are in operation in your area and in your country. Knowledge means reading, writing and understanding. Mere signature in a script does not mean that you have become a literate person. Knowledge of languages may not depend upon your achievements in the field of education. You may not be having a degree or a certificate. But you should have help of others and also must try to have more and more information and self help can also develop knowledge of languages. You can read books, news papers, magazines and the like and if books of grammars are available, you should also study those books. You should try to learn more and more words and if we start with noting down atleast five words each day, we can go high in that language. It is very easy to learn more and more words and we should also try to understand the correct meanings of these words. It is very easy because dictionaries are available in the market and a man who wants to become expert in the language must have dictionaries with him and he must utilize the same daily in his day to day work. Many new words are coming to us through newspapers and the like and we can trace the exact meanings of those words. Everybody must write two three pages daily because only writing makes a man perfect in a particular language and till one is expert in languages, he always cuts a sorry figure when he is put at work. You may be a very high officer, but when you cannot dictate or write correct language, your subordinates could laugh at you. A man who is not having command at languages is often condemned to inferiority complex and we should avoid such happenings in our life.

When performance is measured performance improves. When performance is measured and reported the rate of improvement accelerates.

Quote from Thomas S. Monson

There are many different types of testing. As home school parent teachers we test all the time. We ask questions of our children. Asking questions of what they have done is a form of testing. Testing in and of itself can be good or bad. The deciding factor is how we use it; how we administer it.

What is the purpose of testing?

First off, let us eliminate testing required by government regulation or law. This type of testing has a purpose in itself separate from the testing the parent needs to evaluate the child or student's academic progress. With this type of testing the government is attempting to determine whether you the parent teacher is providing a proper education for your child.

If a regulating governmental body was not present, would testing be advantageous? The question about testing is do you need to know where your child is in his or her education achievement. Where is your child deficient in their education acquisition? You are not testing to compare your child against another within or outside your family sphere. You are testing to determine what understanding of a subject(s) your child has acquired. It is irrelevant whether the child next door or across the country has a superior or inferior knowledge or mastery of a given subject(s). Your concern is solely with your child. Does he or she understand the subject?

When and how often should we test?

Many home school families mirror their teaching instruction cycle with that of the public school system. The public school system instruction is a nine month per year cycle. If this is your school cycle it is recommended that the instruction year start off with testing to establish a scale to measure future progress. This also allows the parent to see what knowledge the child has a full subject understanding and what subject knowledge needs remedial work. A student testing at the end of the instruction cycle before summer activities may score higher on specific subject matter than they do at next year s beginning cycle. This may indicate the child had not fully acquired an adequate subject understanding. This is normal; this first test is valuable to assist the parent teacher in remedial instruction efforts.

Whether you are using a professionally designed curriculum or a curriculum designed to match your child s specific interests, periodic goals of subject mastery is important. Minimal testing is at the beginning and end of the school year. To keep subject mastery performance on schedule testing in the middle of the school year is advised. This will allow the parent to judge whether adequate progress is being made. It provides the parent teacher with information and time to make course adjustments to meet your year s knowledge level goal. If you home school year round, you may want to consider testing on a quarterly basis.

Positive Testing Attitude

When children have spent time in public schools they may acquire a negative attitude toward testing. Testing is common in our public school system. Often teachers will test the students at the end of the week on the material covered during that week s instruction.

There is nothing wrong with this testing methodology except the way it is recorded and reported. The test scores are adjusted to a statistical norm. A student in a class with other high achievers may find a test score of ninety-two percent be graded a C. That same test result in another class may be awarded an A grade. Testing to be a useful tool to judge performance of the student should be a comparison of that student against a set standard and the student s past knowledge achievement level. A comparison scale judging the student against another student has minimal value in helping a child acquire knowledge or in measuring that child's knowledge achievement.

Comparing students against each other creates an environment of competition where competition should not exist. There is nothing wrong with competition. Competition in and of itself is good and healthy for society. In a learning environment where subject mastery is the goal, testing competition becomes a negative motivation factor to those in the average or below average of the norm. This is true whether the norm be of high achievers or average to low achievers.

The goal of the teacher should be to build a student s mastery of a subject. Competitive knowledge games can and should be used to make learning fun and exciting. Learning and discovering knowledge is fun. It is our duty as parent teachers to keep the love of discovery alive in our children.

As parent teachers we create the proper environment for learning by acknowledging growth and performance. We need to continually encourage our children in their discovery of the world. Doing this creates a positive attitude to discovery, learning and testing.

Testing Danger s Negative Side Effects

After completing a test or series of tests a student often feels they had been studying the wrong information. A student tested using proper test administration has not been coached on the questions. It is common for a student to feel their studies have been lacking especially when test questions cover subject material they are not familiar. If the test questions are proper for subject mastery, the questions then illustrate a deficiency in subject acquisition and understanding. The student should be encouraged to continue studies, and counseled that a test is solely a measuring stick.

A danger of state governmental required testing is the temptation to teach based on the test. A student needs an understanding of the subject, not answers to test questions. Mastery of a subject is different than memorization of answers to test questions.

The parent teacher s response to test results can negatively affect a child s attitude of themselves. We must always remember not to compare one child to another. Within a family you will find one child able to master a skill easily while another child finds it difficult. We must not compare one child to another. When there is a noticeable difference they may see and compare themselves. As home school parents, we must work to encourage the child having difficulty. A student having difficulty in one area usually has other areas where their performance is exemplary. We need to praise where praise is deserved, and help motivate, and assist where added attention is required. This is where a good home school environment shines. As a parent teacher you have the motivation and time to assist each child in their development individually.

A test should be challenging. If a test is not a challenge, the test was not adequately chosen to that child s knowledge level. We are not testing to record ninety percentile or above results. The purpose of testing is to determine a child s subject knowledge achievement. A student does not usually progress in a straight line in all subject matter. Often a student will have special interests. These special interests cause the child to excel in one area over other areas. Over a period of time, the student s interests change and their knowledge will progress in their new area of learning discovery. As home school parents, we need to be aware of this growth development and adjust our instructing and testing to their specific needs. It is possible for a student to be at multiple knowledge levels, junior high, high school, and college level all at the same time. Our job as home school parent teachers is to assist and guide our child in the areas they are deficient while providing them opportunities to develop in their areas of interest.

Teaching the test (see No Child Left Behind)

The goal of testing is to determine the subject knowledge level of a student. Teaching a student to memorize a test s answers is not testing for subject mastery. The student has simply memorized an answer and may not have any idea why that answer is correct. Our public school s have fallen into this trap because of the law No Child Left Behind.

Testing for subject mastery should not present any undo pressure on the student. The student is presented the opportunity to answer questions. The answers to the questions are then used to evaluate that specific students understanding of subject material. A student should study for subject mastery; not test mastery. The test should offer a challenge to the student. A test where the student scores highly does not give the teacher the information the teacher needs. As a home school parent you need to know where your child student is academically. If you have given them a test where they have scored in the ninety percentile, you need to retest with a more challenging test. You need to know what they do not know. I do not believe most home school families home school so they are in competition with the public school system. We home school because we know we can educate our children to excel above those taught by government public schools. Testing our children is done to determine what we need to do to assist our children in their development and growth.

Standardized Government Tests

Standardized tests are not designed to evaluate individual students. These standardized tests compare a child s progress to the progress of other children. When the results of these tests are reported to the child they can create self esteem problems. No two children learn at the same pace. The information obtained from these standardized tests is of minimal value if the desired goal was to assist an individual student.

Tests can be good or disastrous to a student s enjoyment of learning. A test comparing one student to another can destroy a student s creativity and willingness to take risks. Life requires us to take risks. When we limit the risks we take to protect ourselves, we limit our opportunities to learn. In our public schools where tests are used to compare one child to another child creativity and risk taking are stifled. No one wants to be ostracized. The grading system in our public school s does just that; it ostracizes one student one from another. A child will either try to fall in line with others or rebel. Both of the chosen options are destructive to the child and to society. We must be careful how we use tests. In large families we must be careful we do not compare one child to another. We are all individuals with our own strengths and weaknesses.

Are you sure that planning a home business starts with basic business knowledge and starts any profitable online business?

Odds are that seven out of ten have entertained the idea of starting their own online home business but either they do not know how to start one or if they do they do not know how to make it profitable.

The first steps in building a business is to begin by setting the necessary home business priorities in order and begin the action steps necessary to implement a solid business mission statement action plan.

First things first, we need to state our intentions for building this business, what is our vision? What are the resources we will need to implement our business plan and decide who will be included in our target market?

We will need to know is there money in that market. We also need to know whether that market has demonstrated a willingness to purchase similar products and services like ours in the recent past.

By organizing and implementing these original planning priorities, we are leveraging our time and efforts to maximize our overall effectiveness to minimize online business mistakes. Leveraging your business' daily business affairs from budget optimization, business market planning, home business time management and online business support services.

There is a large body of basic business knowledge in building our business and should include home business essentials such as business knowledge and training, funding, budgeting, administration, communications, marketing/advertising, sales forecasting, cash flow management, asset building & management, product development, security & bonding, business development online & off-line, supervision, health, customer service, community goodwill and other business set up issues that we may have overlooked in preparing this list for you.

The foregoing list of business essentials is not critically important in all businesses or for them to entertain all issues. This list was generated to give you a small capsule of business issues that you may include or not include in building your business.

All businesses are not the same. Here is an example, if your business is all about transporting money from point `a' to point 'b' you would certainly want to be bonded in case of a theft or other catastrophes.

But if you are a swimming instructor, being bonded will not be a serious consideration. This is a prime time to address these kinds of contingencies.

In the beginning stages of setting up a business and setting its foundation is the time to consider many of the options above that may become business policy. Many of these options will not become policies but many of them will become routine.

Basic business knowledge will provide the content that will be needed in building online web pages and other advertising/marketing. If content is king, then traffic is queen for sure.

Are you a skilled communicator? Here is a little tip. The ones that communicate best are the ones that make more money in business. Are you good at getting your point across to your audience?

If you are not skilled in communications, your business will surely suffer. Business is a people business and communication is the way business gets its messages to their market.

Business correspondence, advertising and marketing pieces, web site content and verbal communication along with your body language are the heart of your business and it all stems from your knowledge or lack of it. Business communication must put your audience at ease and consider the feelings of the other party.

Speaking of getting your message across, when you communicate well, it has a tendency to draw your market into you; it makes your market more responsive. It makes you more attractive and makes them want to associate with you.

That is what I call traction action. When you become well skilled at business communication it is like standing on a heavy traveled road handing out free money, driving traffic to you.

What is it?
A ringtone the audibility of which lies beyond the normal hearing range of aged people is popularly known as mosquito ringtone. Mosquito ringtone can hardly be heard by people already in their early middle age.

The Origin and Use
The technology of mosquito ringtone is sourced from the "mosquito device" developed by Howard Stapleton primarily to drive away the teenagers who hang around the shops in UK. The device that Stapleton developed for Compound Security Systems emitted a sound called "teen buzz" that caused a great deal of annoyance to the teenagers or younger people. However people past the age of teenagers remained largely unaffected by this modulated 17 kHz sound.

This same technology was used to develop mosquito ringtone with the only exception that the frequency was kept constant at 17 kHz in this type of ringtone. With advancing age, people start losing gradually the normal hearing ability. This hearing impairment due to age is known as "presbycusis". The range of audibility for a teenager is not what it is for older people. This phenomenon is utilized in mosquito ringtone as the teenagers using this ringtone in their mobiles can hear a call or get alerted by an incoming message without the elder people knowing about it.

The situation can well be comprehended in a classroom scenario where a student gets a call or a message in his mobile phone with mosquito ringtone with the teacher not knowing about it. It thus became an instant hit with the teenagers who could now use their mobiles with freedom and without interference by parents or superiors. What started as a technology for security became a source of humor and the mosquito ringtone powered the teenagers with "silent knowledge" that they got from their mobiles without others" knowledge.

Mosquito Device
The product "mosquito device" is based on the principle that the high frequency sounds that are not audible to the people advanced in age may be heard by teenagers and can cause annoyance to them thus acting as a deterrent where the situation so warranted. Manufactured by Compound Security, a British Company, the product emitting 17 kHz high pitch sound that is more akin to the buzzing of the insects intended to detract the young people from gathering in one place in large number.

Shopping malls do not like the idea of teenagers and youths crowding the space and would like them to scatter and move around instead of congregating. The mosquito ringtone buzz if beamed continuously at this age group of people would cause irritation and would drive them to move on.

The undesired gatherings at shopping malls are thus avoided. The mosquito device from which the idea of mosquito ringtone has been derived was launched in 2005 and has since been found to be very useful by the business community and law keepers. While it is appreciated by people benefiting from it as measure of crime prevention, it has also been criticized by many as a health hazard and an affront to the rights of people.

Exceptions
Mosquito ringtone is not supposed to be heard by older people as hearing ability decreases with age. However often older people are reported to have been able to hear the mosquito ringtone. Even for the children and the young, the mosquito ringtone buzz may cause harm to the auditory organs.

There are a number of original different frequencies available in various formats for free download online - and there is also a guide as to how you use it on your mobile phone.

Most of the people who have contacts or glasses understand how important they are to their daily life. You just can t function without your eyesight, so if you need contacts or glasses, as a lot of people do, you aren t going to be able to do much good without them. However, contacts aren t just something that you can stick into your eyes. You need to have a good knowledge of what contacts are and what you need to do with them in order to help your eyesight be the best that it can be and in order to make sure that you don t damage your eyes further.

Remember that contacts can be very serious and tricky business. Make sure that you have enough contact lens solution at all times, and that you are changing it every day. Also be sure that you have the right kind of lens case, because lens cases can be very confusing and frustrating.

Another big thing is that you have to know what kind of lenses you have and what you can do with them. If you have night and day contacts, you can wear them all of the time, but if you don t have them, you need to take your contacts out every night because sleeping with them in can damage your eyes. Even if you have just color contacts or colored contacts that you ve used for Halloween lenses that don t really do you any good, you still have to be sure that you are using them properly because even if they aren t used for eyesight they can still hurt your eyes if they aren t used the right way.

One of the big things that you can do is to analyze the brands and see what different brands have to offer you. If you have toric lenses from a place like Accuvue or Biomedicts, they are going to be different than disposable contacts from Bausch Laumb or Dialies, or Johnson and Johnson. Wessley Jessen has a line of cheap contacts as well, and Renu has contacts online also. You are always going to want to take a look at the different brands, such as Acuvue or Focus, and see what is different about them. Ciba vision is something that you also want to keep in mind when you are looking at different brands of contacts.

Lastly, it is always important that you consult an eye doctor before you order contacts online, even if you have a prescription. Your eye doctor who knows your eyes and your eyesight might have some good suggestions about brands of contact lenses or other things that you should keep in mind while you are searching for contacts online, and it might be a good idea to see what he has to say and to follow his advice.

Surrounding yourself with the words and equipment of an act, won't change who you are as a person. Reading a cookbook won't make you a chef, sitting in a garage won't make you a car, and taking a break by the lake with a Wal-Mart reel and some worms you dug up won't make you a fisherman. It takes some know-how and experience to give yourself that title. So as you're buying that rod and getting ready to dig those worms, make sure you know everything you need to know in order to have the best experience possible.

Licenses and Limits

Every state has different laws in regard to fishing. If the lake or pond you are fishing in is also part of a national park, they may also have laws or rules. Make sure you know what the laws are about licensing, and size requirements for each area you plan to fish. Fishing without a license is a sure way of getting a fine much larger than the fee you'll pay for the right to fish in those waters. Every state also has limits to catches and rules about the size, and types of fish that can be caught. Finally, know what lures and types of angling are allowed. Any bait and tackle shop can provide information and most local sporting goods who sell licenses will also have printed information for free about the things you need to understand before your line hits the water.

Water Ways

It's also important to understand the property your are fishing on. Make sure before you set up camp that you are not on private property. Some lakes bend around from national campgrounds to property own by individuals who may not want you fishing on it. Have an up-to-date map with you if you boat on an extensive water way. Its also important to know if the fish in the place you are fishing are edible. Sadly, due to pollution and chemical additives, many areas have mercury or other toxins that have gotten into the fish. Fishing may be allowed on a catch and release basis. Be sure you understand the eco-system you are fishing in, and the safety requirements set up for the area.

Friendly About Fish

A good angler can tell you no two ponds are the same and even the same type of fish may react differently. Fish in a stocked lake where worms have been used may not respond to minnows the way fish in the ocean would. Know what kind of fish and other sea life is in the water you are fishing in. Find out what bait is widely used in the area and what types of fishing are best ecologically and practically. If using lures, ask the pros at the nearest bait and tackle shop what colors and kinds of ties work best. If in a foreign country, definitely make sure you understand what kinds of creatures are present and if any are toxin, poisonous or simply tasteless.

Like everything else, in fishing a little knowledge can be a dangerous thing. Take the time to talk to local experts and rangers and get all the information you need to make the wise choices. Then you'll be a well rounded fisherman with the catch to prove it.

Knowledge Management in an Organisation

Introduction

The society is in transition, from Agrarian society, Industrial society, Information society and now the 21st century is considers as the Global Knowledge society. The concept, knowledge management is often used today’s world. And in the knowledge based society, intellectual capital is considered as a prime resource for any organisation. Thus Peter Drucker said, “The foundation of an organisation is not money or capital or technology. It is knowledge and education (human capital), knowledge workers will be by 2005 the single largest group in the labour force”.

The emergence of new complicated situation made every organization to have knowledge management initiatives to accumulate, preserve and utilize the knowledge in systematic ways. Every world renewed organisations are now trying to achieve knowledge management principles for their operations.

It is concerned with the use and developments of knowledge asset of an organisation. The knowledge is either explicit knowledge or tacit knowledge. The explicit knowledge is called as documentary knowledge and the tacit knowledge or subjective knowledge is resides in the minds of employees/scientists and so on.

What is knowledge management?

It covers all process associates with the identification, sharing and creation of knowledge, but sharing of explicit knowledge can be easy than that of the tacit knowledge. but for successful knowledge management is an organization, creation of knowledge repositories and cultivating the habits of sharing the knowledge among employees and organisational learning.

Pre – Requisites: To develop a knowledge Management systems following are essentials.

Knowledge repositories: it is necessary to create knowledge repositories that stores knowledge and information both in documentary or digital forms.

Knowledge access: the knowledge or information stored in the repositories should be made available for easy access to all the employees of an organisation.

Enhancing knowledge environment: it is necessary to create conducive environment to produce knowledge, transfer and use

Knowledge management: knowledge is an asset of an organisation and a person that should be managed systematically.

Principles of knowledge Representation

A knowledge representation is a surrogate, set of ontological commitments, and fragmentary theory of intelligent reasoning, medium for efficient computation and medium of Human expression.

Reference

Book, George (1854) An Investigation into the laws of thought, reprinted by Dover publications, New York.

Born, Max (1949) National philosophy of cause and chance, Dover publications, New York.

Gartner Group, European E –work and knowledge management march 1998, pp.30 – 31.

Peter Drucker, (2000), knowledge work executive excellence, pp.11 – 12.

Minsky, Marvin (1965) “Mater, Mind and Models”, proceedings of IFIP congress 65, pp45 -49.

You should spread your knowledge
If you know something new, you should share with others so that they should also be able to utilize that knowledge and information. We have seen that here in India the people had been having knowledge in the fields of medicines and technology, but they did not share that knowledge and informationwith others and when they died they took away that knowledge and information with them. That had been the biggest tragedy with the people of India.
Knowledge is the gift of God and God had given us that knowledge so that we should share that knowledge with others and we must see that more and more people are adding something more in that field of knowledge and when we die, we should be satisfied that our knowledge and information had served the people at large and now they shall be having more information and within a few years they shall be establishing something new on this earth which shall be useful for the whole mankind on this earth.
We should be thankful to the people who had been experts in the fields of science and technology and who had been inventing and discovering new things and today we are enjoying new inventions and discoveries. We are flying to the skies and we are having all these wireless system and all these TV channels and internet system. All these new inventions and discoveries are helping the man and tomorrow they shall be able to bring more and more things which shall help this man on this earth. The people had been sharing their knowledge and information and now this world has become a small village where we can talk to each other without wastage of time and energy.
Every one of us has got something in him because God never creates a useless thing or item on this earth and since this man is also creation of God therefore, God had fixed for him some goal and target and this man is having something new and wonderful in him which he should try to find out and then share that knowledge and information with others.