computer

Why I’m not going to choose a Windows OS for my next computer.
So alright I am not a computer geek nor am I a computer nerd. But I dislike being considered an intellectually negligible specimen with the IQ of room temperature by all those Uber geeks who have planned and executed the Windows operating system for my delectation.
Now, I have been using the Windows operating system since 1999, but it is time for me to call a halt and check out some other operating system like Mac. Let me give you the reasons for this disenchantment.
First of all, any operating system, which is not capable of asking me my serial number while loading into my computer, which makes certain that it is going to give me a signal that Windows has to be activated in one month, is not the operating system for me.
So, all right, I spend oodles of dollars and buy the original Window operating software. After it has been reloaded up on my computer, I am asked to activate it now.
By telephone.
The telephone numbers do not work at all. They have never worked at all , they will never work at all. If that is not enough to make you breathe out fire and brimstone, (by the way I’m writing from India, and the toll-free numbers given are zonked completely.) After all, I have had a month trying to activate my Windows serial number by telephone.
Then I decide to follow the next option, which is to activate the serial number online. You guessed it. The number which was stamped on the outside of the carton cannot be recognized by Microsoft, because they never generated it, did they? Instead, I asked to update my windows, which means that I leave my computer open for them to pick my IP number, address, because hey, somebody might simply have sold me a pirated copy masquerading as the genuine software. Is that supposed to be my problem if their right hands do not know what their left hands are sending out their own specified dealers.
One exact month is the deadline they give me before they shut down my operating system. 29 days after loading, I switch on my computer to see that it has shut down and it is asking me to activate Windows.
By telephone? On numbers which are not recognizable or operative?
On Internet? How on earth am I going to the Internet to switch it on, if I cannot get access to the desktop where my broadband icon has to be activated to switch on the Internet, to get to MSN to activate the Windows. Sounds very much like a fairy tale in which a sparrow has to go around asking lots of animals to do some actions like water water put out fire because it is not burning the cow will is not eating the grass who has not done some else, which I asked it to do.
Besides, why would I want to use an operating system which gives me this direction, when a notice appears upon my screen.
Keyboard does not seem to be connected or is malfunctioning. Press any key to continue.
DUH!
So, that is the reason, because I have been supposed to be a fool twice by some geniuses, I do not intend to use Windows operating system, in my new computer. This time, I am going to choose any of these systems. And I hope none of them consider me stupid enough to follow the instruction of press any key, when the keyboard is not working.
Linux / Variants
MacOS
MS-DOS
IBM OS/2 Warp
Unix / Variants

Computer Rentals

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Computer Rental Links:
Computer for Rent, Computer Rental, Computer Desktop Rentals, PC Rental

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Rentfusion is a National Computer Rental Company. Amongst our major offerings we have computer rentals, laptop rentals and plasma rentals. We also offer projectors, kiosks, notebooks, printers & more equipment on a rental basis. We are the leading provider of short term technology equipment rentals, technical service and support. We carry multi-million state-of-the-art computers and display technologies from major manufacturers like HP, Dell, NEC, Apple and a host of other brands. Companies choose us for computer rental services for business, meetings, events, seminars, computer training, trade shows and conventions. Reach us at Nationwide: 1-866-RENTFUSION (1-866-736-8387). Sales & Distribution center: Chicago, Orlando, Las Vegas, New York & New Jersey.

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Today s era is witnessing a tremendous technological as well as economic growth as the computer industry is booming. Computers have become a necessity of every person, as this is regarded as a computer age. This has lead to a requirement of computers in large quantities and buying all of them is quite a cumbersome task. Therefore, in such case computer financing is a viable option.

Computers come in different brands, different configuration and different formats. In addition, because of fast shift in technology, there is big risk of buying computers in mass quantity. Computer technology changes in every quarter of year. These changes are either mostly in computer peripherals and because of which whole computers become outdated. Therefore, investing big capital is not good choice. Then offices require complete updating of their entire system. Here in, one must opt for different computer financing programs available. You can get finance for single computer to as much number of computers as you want. Different types of financing options like lease, fix purchase, discount and soft loan are available.

Different types of computer financing companies provide best of financial schemes for vendors as well as computer buyers. Specially designed finance schemes provide flexibility for computer buyers and vendors. For vendors, companies offer special finance program to maximize their sales and bind customers for longer duration. In addition, they offer mass purchasing of computers for vendors so that they can earn some profit on them.

For computer buyers like corporate offices and other private organizations, lease operating is one of the best options for financing there purchase. Here in, full finance can cover your all expenses fright, installation, sales tax, installation and other secondary investment. This decreases the initial cash outlay. With lease financing one acquire the use of computers at preset cost, but your payment of installments is made with tomorrow s overblown price. That is why people opt for such computers and equipment financing. In addition, you get finances for the latest upgrades due to constant advancement in technology. Thus, you do not have to worry about future investments. In addition, computer financing can be beneficial in tax returns and can be written of 100 % as operation expenditure. It lowers the cost on current value and reduces tax liabilities. Leasing provides excellent flexibility to overall financial planning by off balance sheet financing.

I addition, soft loan is also beneficial in computer financing. You pay fixed or variable interest rates and at the end of term, you get the ownership of assets you purchase. In addition, you get rental rebate from the reselling of those assets, however, it is not that profitable in case of computer business. Moreover, the loan scheme includes maintenance cost for your machines. Thus, you can keep abreast yourself with latest technology.

Companies offering computer financing for your business purchase provide fast application process, quick sanctions, various mode of payments, and quality services; and all these aspects are very important for computer financing services that includes computer peripherals and other related components.

Posting classified advertisements for computers which include used computers, desktop computers, laptops, computer desks, internet providers, internet games and new computer software or computer hardware equipment in online classifieds will draw instant and targeted audience towards the advertisements.

Maintaining classifieds ad campaign is a powerful and inexpensive way to promote the computer or internet advertising campaigns. It has to be maintained for months for any desired results and the classified ad should be precisely aimed.

Most of the computer classifieds websites are browsed for hardware equipment, buying or selling new and used computers. Monitors, desktop table, cabinet, audio or video equipment are the most sought for hardware. If the classified ad is for selling the hardware equipment or used computers then the ad owner should precisely describe his computer hardware and the price requirement in detail and within quick time there will be an instant feedback for the classified ad or if visitors desires to purchase the same, then they should post their requirements and there will be many advertisements matching them.

The younger generation browses computer classified advertisements for trading popular computer and internet games. The internet classifieds websites are browsed for purchasing or selling free software like Norton anti virus or free scanner, internet provider software, website hosting, computer software or accounting software. For buying or selling of any software, the ad owners should clearly describe their advertisements in precise so that the feedback will be quick and targeted. Apart from purchasing or selling these items, the classified websites can be a perfect medium to exchange information on computer or internet topics which is very feasible.

Just like any classifieds, spamming is restricted in most of the websites and the ad owners may loose their place if they try to place ad too many times and so a proper strategy is required to place the ads in classifieds.

The cyber world is prone to such a state of affairs where change is the only thing constant. A computer by itself can not meet the purpose. You have to modify your computer with the accessories that increase its efficiency. There are innumerable computer accessories that are available that help you benefit or make the most of the desktop facilities and programs. In most of the situations, you may get some of these items along with your computer. At the very least, you should get speakers and a printer with it.
However it is very important that you are aware of the things you need to buy and most of all you need to be sure that they work with the computer you have.
Some manufacturers make only those accessories that go with their own product line. However there are many other manufacturers too who make universal items that will go with any computer. These usually come with their own software, that you need to install so that the accessory work with your computer and it’s software.
You can improve the efficiency of your computer by replacing its existing parts with a high performance oriented Hard disk, mother board, computer RAM, DVD ROMs and DVD writers, processor, monitor, mouse and key board.
Before changing the mouse of your desktop, first check the status of the existing one. If the existing one is a normal one, the advisable replacement is the optical or the scroll mouse. Apart from the normal key boards, optical keyboards are also available. You can replace your normal keyboard with an optical one to experience an increase in its performance level. Similarly you can replace your small screen sized monitor for a large screen size.
Branded computer accessories assure you durability and high performance level. Before purchasing any of the accessories, first access the capacity of your computer and its ability to adapt to the change. All these information are helpful when you are opting for a change.

A list of computer accessories includes:
• Media / Consumables: Blank Media, CD Labelling Kits, DVD Media, Storage Area Networks, Printer Cartridges
• Components / Parts: Hard Drives, Heatsinks, CD Writers, Computer Cases, Power Supply Units, DVD Drives, DVD Writers, Expansion Cards, Motherboards, Modding Components, Processors, Video Capture, Video Graphics Cards, Sound Cards, TV Tuners
• Peripherals / Accessories: External Devices, Graphics Tablets, Computer Keyboards, Computer Monitors, Computer Mouse, Computer Speakers, Printers All In One, Digital Photo, Inkjet and laser Printers, Laptop Accessories, Modems & Networking, PC Game Controllers, Scanners, Web Cams, USB Pen Drives, 3G Data Cards
• Systems: Computer Systems, Laptops, PDA Handhelds, Servers

There are many shops in the market where you can computers_-_peripherals.html target=_blank>buy computers online at the lower prices and also get discounts as well as gifts during the festival seasons.

Years ago around the end of January I would develop Chinophobia (fear of snow). Maybe it was because we had 3-5 feet of snow and I was ready for spring. Over the years I have developed “temporary phobias” for a number of good reasons.

A phobia is a handy way to get myself out of unpleasant situations. I developed Dentophobia (fear of the dentist) when my wisdom teeth decided to come in, but it was cured when the pain became so unbearable that I set out for the dentist office for some relief. Phobias also provide good excuses for why I do some of the silly things I seem to do, such as, when computers were first introduced to our school.

When computers were first introduced to our school I developed instant Cyberphobia (fear of computers or working on them). As the years passed I lost this phobia, but I noticed that there are many phobias associated with computers. In other words if you have any of the following phobias I would not be even near a computer.

Neophobia (fear of anything new)—computers change daily, oops, hourly so you need to avoid them.
Monophobia (fear of being alone)—since working on a computer is not group work you should avoid a computer.

Ballistophobia (fear of bullets)—You can get near a computer and even work on one, but avoid that bullet button at all costs.

Tropophobia (fear of making changes)—don’t even be in the vicinity of a computer because this is a continual procedure and if you don’t change your computer system often you quickly revert to the caveman era of computer technology.

Atychiphobia (fear of failure) – better not chance using a computer because the power may fail, the lights may flicker and then your system fails and you have to start all over. Besides that, one misplaced finger can make you wonder, “What happened now?”

Ankylophobia (fear of joint immobility) try sitting at a computer all day and then get up, it’s close to impossible at my age so avoid the computer.

Kaniophobia (fear of anything new or novel) with a computer it’s always changing and you may not be warned about those changes, so don’t chance it.

Allodoxaphobia (fear of opinions)—you can get on the computer, but avoid chat rooms and articles, like this, at all costs. Castisophobia (fear of sitting)—self explanatory, just avoid the computer.

Tachophobia (fear of speed)—avoid computers only if they have high speed internet and it was built last year, other wise, it is okay.

Polyphobia (fear of many things)—Everything connected to the computer is numbered in the many things category. Many functions, many buttons, many sights and especially many wires.

Technophobia (fear of technology) That’s what computers are all about, technology, so avoid.

May you find your life free of any phobias and typing peacefully on your computer. Have a good life.

,

Computer forensics is the process of using the latest knowledge of science and technology with computer sciences to collect, analyze and present proofs to the criminal or civil courts. Network administrator and security staff administer and manage networks and information systems should have complete knowledge of computer forensics. The meaning of the word “forensics” is “to bring to the court”. Forensics is the process which deals in finding evidence and recovering the data. The evidence includes many forms such as finger prints, DNA test or complete files on computer hard drives etc. The consistency and standardization of computer forensics across courts is not recognized strongly because it is new discipline.

It is necessary for network administrator and security staff of networked organizations to practice computer forensics and should have knowledge of laws because rate of cyber crimes is increasing greatly. It is very interesting for mangers and personnel who want to know how computer forensics can become a strategic element of their organization security. Personnel, security staff and network administrator should know all the issues related to computer forensics. Computer experts use advanced tools and techniques to recover deleted, damaged or corrupt data and evidence against attacks and intrusions.

These evidences are collected to follow cases in criminal and civil courts against those culprits who committed computer crimes. The survivability and integrity of network infrastructure of any organization depends on the application of computer forensics. In the current situations computer forensics should be taken as the basic element of computer and network security. It would be a great advantage for your company if you know all the technical and legal aspects of computer forensics. If your network is attacked and intruder is caught then good knowledge about computer forensics will help to provide evidence and prosecute the case in the court.

There are many risks if you practice computer forensics badly. If you don’t take it in account then vital evidence might be destroyed. New laws are being developed to protect customers’ data; but if certain kind of data is not properly protected then many liabilities can be assigned to the organization. New rules can bring organizations in criminal or civil courts if the organizations fail to protect customer data. Organization money can also be saved by applying computer forensics. Some mangers and personnel spent a large portion of their IT budget for network and computer security. It is reported by International Data Corporation (IDC) that software for vulnerability assessment and intrusion detection will approach $1.45 billion in 2006.

As organizations are increasing in number and the risk of hackers and contractors is also increase so they have developed their own security systems. Organizations have developed security devices for their network like intrusions detection systems (IDS), proxies, firewalls which report on the security status of network of an organization. So technically the major goal of computer forensics is to recognize, gather, protect and examine data in such a way that protects the integrity of the collected evidence to use it efficiently and effectively in a case.

Investigation of computer forensics has some typical aspects. In first area computer experts who investigate computers should know the type of evidence they are looking for to make their search effective. Computer crimes are wide in range such as child pornography, theft of personal data and destruction of data or computer.

Second, computer experts or investigators should use suitable tools. The investigators should have good knowledge of software, latest techniques and methods to recover the deleted, encrypted or damaged files and prevent further damage in the process of recovery.

In computer forensics two kinds of data are collected. Persistent data is stored on local disk drives or on other media and is protected when the computer is powered off or turned off. Volatile data is stored in random access memory and is lost when the computer is turned off or loses power. Volatile data is located in caches, random access memory (RAM) and registers. Computer expert or investigator should know trusted ways to capture volatile data. Security staff and network administrators should have knowledge about network and computer administration task effects on computer forensics process and the ability to recover data lost in a security incident.

Individuals who pass long hours of time in front of the computer, particularly the individuals running business via online must give close attention in choosing the best computer furniture in order to avail the maximum comfort. The important decision that involves is the selection of the computer furniture for their usages. Recent statements has depicted that furniture plays a major role in the productivity of the business, as computer professionals can effectively work only when they feel comfort with their work setup.

Considering these factors, you must be very cautious in choosing the computer furniture for your usage. Choose selective designs and patterns of the computer furniture, so that you can enjoy the maximum comfort of your workings. The prominent method of practice to get computer furniture is through buying furniture that is ergonomically contrived and designed. Here are some of the factors that have to be considered while purchasing computer furniture.

Ergonomics is an effective portrayal of a design that is particularly designed to match a workplace with intent to ameliorate the productivity thereby eliminating the discomfort and inconvenience. Computer Furniture, which are designed with the procedure as per the ergonomics will merely not jus make people to feel more comfy but it also assist the physique to set in a right texture, while doing the work. So, it is dearly advisable to purchase ergonomically designed computer furniture, as you they will be the ideal choice to improve the height of console.

The next important factor that you must consider before purchasing the computer furniture is the space of the work area. Purchasing good and spacey computer furniture will allow you to achieve an easy accession of materials, without spending time to hangout in searching for the materials. You can safely have all the required files and materials close and secure in the computer furniture. This will eliminate the wastage of time in searching and gazing around to get the records.

Picking up the best computer furniture will play an essential role with respect to the productivity of your business. Your people will work with full-swing only if they sense the best comfort of their workout. So, be very sure to purchase computer furniture that gives that maximum comfort and perfection. Make sure that the computer furniture you purchase must be completely spacey that organizes everything better.

While considering, getting the right choice of computer furniture will not just give you the comfort of working, but also gives you the possibility to save money to your pocket.

Computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. The original may modify the copies or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus. It can spread from one computer to another by help of network connection or carrying it on a removable medium such as floppy disk, CD, DVD, USB drive or by the Internet. But viruses are not equal to computer worms and Trojan horses. A worm can spread itself to other computers without being transferred as a part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a file that appears harmless until executed.
Many PCs are now connected to the Internet and/or to local area networks. Today's viruses may also take advantage of network services (World Wide Web, e-mail, file sharing systems). Some viruses are programmed to damage the computer by damaging programs, deleting files, or reformatting the hard disk. Others are harmless, but simply replicate themselves and make their presence known by presenting text, video, or audio messages. Although these viruses are not dangerous, they can create problems for the computer user. As a result they often cause erratic behavior and can result in system crashes. In addition, many viruses are bug-ridden, and these bugs may lead to system crashes and data loss.

COMPUTERS AND HALLOWEEN, DO THEY MIX?

Computer backup is so important to your computer that to ignore it is to risk its damnation.

Computers require care and feeding. They require that you attend to their needs. If you don't, then they will most surely be sent to Hell.

Halloween means Hell. What! What do you mean that Halloween means Hell?

Well, if your computer is given the option of trick or treat, which will it accept? Will it accept the trick or the treat? What do you think?

Halloween is the time that computers are subject to tricks or treats. Did you know that more computers fail on Halloween than any other day of the year? That’s right. It’s true (smile). Your computer is in danger! Protect it. Do your computer backups.

Back to the Hell thing. Hell you say? Yep. Well, what do you mean by Hell?

Computer hell is the place for computers without computer backup. The failure to perform hard drive backup means that you are playing Russian Roulette with your data. Data needs your protection. Failure to protect your data may cause your home or business records to be sent to Hell.

Hell in this instance is for the records and files that cannot be resurrected. Resurrected you say, what does that mean?

It means that without computer backup as a source of salvation then the files can safely enjoy eternal oblivion. Oblivion you say, what does that mean? That means they are eternally lost from computer resurrection.

Is there any mercy for my precious files, you ask?

Why yes there is. Would like to know what the mercy for your files is? Yes! Yes! You say.

OK boys and girls listen carefully. The salvation, mercy, resurrection and redemption of your files lies in regular and consistent and persistent computer backup.

If you backup your computer consistently and persistently your files will be resurrected and saved from accidental deletion, hard drive failure and those nasty things like fire, flood, theft, earthquake, hurricanes, tornados and the like!

Computer backup is the key to your data's salvation!

Do your computer backups boys and girls.

Milk and cookies will be served in the pantry.

Trick or treat for your computer backup?

In today's contemporary world, computer training is considered to have the most importance to almost everyone. Computer skills are a must no matter whether you are entering the workforce, or on a senior management team, or you are a recent retiree. The usage of computer has grown beyond basic word processing and balancing your check book to advanced technology. The computer has invaded almost every face of our modern lives, and thus it has become a necessity to be able to use and understand the computer.

Computer training can be undertaken in a variety of methods, and can cover a variety of subjects. Let's take a look at some of the options out there that are available to the novice, the average user, and even the self-proclaimed 'expert' computer user. Many long term computer users find that on taking a computer training class occasionally they can keep themselves updated and stay on top of the ever-changing technology and software of the computer industry.

Computer training has always stayed with the traditional way of classroom. Across all the countries many young people are being trained in computer use. In fact, most of the times it starts much earlier in developed countries like the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom. Colleges also offer courses on computer use, and some of these are geared towards the adult who has never been on a computer before.

The other method of computer training can be also through correspondence course. These types of courses have also got their hands-on in this field. Distance learning of this type has allowed the students to learn at their own pace, and location. While the popularity for distance learning is still at the top request for those seeking to learn about computers. There are couple of additional methods that lend themselves to a more hands-on approach.

Online computer training is emerging as a force to be reckoned within educational circles. It is not only taking place online but also for just about anything else can be done online as well! Online classes are available for many colleges, and some offer complete course loads online, so you can get a college degree completely from home, by just attending to the training conducted on the net.

One final method of computer training that is worth noting is that of software tutorials using video and/or audio software. This field was unknown in the beginning of the expedition for computer knowledge (as was the online training), largely because the computers of the past did not possess enough power to run such programs. However, today you can purchase specialized software or videos that will provide you training at your own pace, hands-on, without having to be online.

In conclusion, it goes without saying that computer training is an invaluable service that needs to be on the 'to do list' of anyone who is serious about communicating or being productive in our modern society. There are an endless variety of ways to get this training, and some people even prefer to teach themselves based on specific subjects of interest and their ability to conduct research.

Computer errors are very common and every computer user may face different kinds of issues so they should learn about the solutions of the common computer related problems. The common factors that cause problems in computer are viruses, spyware, Trojan horses, adware, corrupted registry, faulty hardware, low memory, low capacity hard disk, low CPU speed and stuffing computers with large number of software applications. In this article, I have compiled a list of the most common computer problems and their solutions.

Computer is very slow

This is very common issue and it arises due to the several factors such as too many programs running at the startup, low RAM, low processor speed, spyware running as a background application, errors in the Windows registry and the buildup of the garbage files on the hard disk. Scanning your computer with an up-to-dated anti virus and anti spyware program, cleaning and repairing Windows registry, increasing memory, deleting temporary files, deselecting the programs at startup and uninstalling unwanted software applications can solve this problem to a very large extent.

Network Server is not accessible

In a networked environment every computer depends on the server for logon authentication, files access, internet and printing access and sharing server resources. The downtime and the communication failure with the server are very problematic and frustrating for the users. Check both end of the network cable and make sure that the attached RJ-45 connectors are properly plugged into the LAN card and hub/switch. Ping the server’s IP and make sure you get the reply from server. Ensure that your server is on and working fine. A large number of the running applications on the server and simultaneous access to the server from a number of users can slow down the performance and speed of the server. Scan your PC with an up-to-dated antivirus program because certain viruses and spyware are responsible for the communication failure. Replace your LAN card with new one and assign different IP address and try to connect with the server.

Computer locks up or freezes

Missing .dll files, viruses, faulty registry, defective RAM and spyware slows down the performance of the server and it locks up frequently. Scanning PC with the anti virus and anti spyware program, cleaning and repairing registry and increasing RAM can solve this issue.

Computer won’t boot

Faulty power cable, power extension and power supply all contributes to this problem. Checking one by one each of the above components can pinpoint the problematic part. Simply replace that part with new one and your compute is okay.

Computer reboots itself

Defective cooling fan, power supply, RAM, viruses and spyware can cause this to happen.

Memory usage is maximum in computer

Either the memory is less than the recommend memory to run certain applications, swap memory chips with each other, scan your computer for viruses and spyware, increasing the page file and physical memory can overcome this problem.

Browser’s home page has changed itself

This is most likely a spyware problem and scanning computer with an up-to-dated anti spyware program can fix this issue.

Computer’s clock losing time

If you see that your computer’s clock is losing time frequently replace your CMOS battery.

My computer can’t get connected to internet

Check IP address, gateway address, scan your PC for viruses and spyware, check network cables and make sure that server’s or gateway’s firewall application is not blocking http requests from your PC.

Computer making noises

Faulty RAM, VGA, hard disk, Sound card, Processor and other components produce noises. Make sure that each hardware device is properly connected inside the PC and if the problem is still not resolved then replace the faulty hardware component with new one.

What is a computer?

Computer is an electronic device with a ability to: -

1. Accept data 2. Input, Store and execute instruction. 3. Perform mathematical and logical operation 4. Output results according to users requirement

Computer has certain Limitation:-

1. Cannot think on their own 2. Task has to be described in detail. 3. Do not learn from experience. 4. Cannot detect or correct errors in logic or data.

HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER : People have always needed to count. Earlier they counted with their fingers and probably through scratch making on trees or bones or on the walls of their caves. Over the centuries the science of numbers and computing has changed dramatically. People are now able to solve very sophisticated problems, and increasingly so with the aid of computers. Today we use computers in virtually every environment. From the executive in an office to the housewife and her washing machine to the teenager recording his/her favorite television programme, computers have entered into practically every sphere of human activity. The history of computing can be traced back to Abacus (2000 BC). Used primarily by merchants, the Abacus was a mechanical device used to add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers. Centuries later, mechanically operated devices were developed. These machines could add and subtract numbers (in 1642 Blaise Pascal's Calculating Machine), as well as multiply divide numbers (in 1671 Leibniz's Calculator) A few years later Charles Babbage, referred to as the "father of computers" devised a machine (Analytical Engine) which could be "programmed" by instructions coded initially on punched cards and then stored internally.

GENERATION OF COMPUTERS :

First Generation Computers - 1951-59 : They used vacuum Tubes as their principal component. They could store 10,000 to 20,000 characters. Magnetic Core Memory was used.

Second Generation Computers - 1959-64 : The Second Generation Computers replaced the Vacuum Tubes with Transistors. This led to the miniaturization of Computers. The concept of Multi Programming was introduced with Second Generation Computers. The most popular Second Generation Computer was the IBM 1401.

Third Generation Computers - 1964-70 : The Third Computers introduced integrated circuits, the equivalent of hundred and thousands of transistors on a small silicon chip. This drastically reduced the cost, size and power requirements. This technology produces powerful Mini Computers.

Fourth Generation Computers - 1970 till now The LSI (Large Size Integrated) Technology with many thousand of Electronic Devices on a small silicon chip signaled the Fourth Large Number of Character could be stored and also these Computers were much faster. IBM 370 was most popular machine.

A computer system can be viewed as a system of three Major Components:-

Hardware : It deals with a computer equipment that is mechanical, electrical, and electronic parts of the computer.

Software: It contains programs that instruct a computer how to process data and generate required information.

Human-ware : Person who operate the computer and also those who write the program i.e. - operator, programmers etc

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT :-

The heart of the computer is CPU It performs the various function with help of following components :-

1. RITHMETIC LOGICAL UNIT (ALU) :- Performs the actual calculations such as addition, multiplication, subtraction, and comparison like greater than lesser than, equal to, positive, negative or zero

2. MEMORY UNIT (MU) :- Memory unit or main storage unit holds data, instruction (that are being interpreted and executed, the results are ready for the output)

3. CONTROL UNIT (CU) :- The control unit co-ordinates the operation ofthe hardware. It also co-ordinate the flow and execution of data and instruction that are feed into the memory or main storage of CPU.

PERIPHERAL DEVICES

Peripheral devices can be classified as

1) INPUT DEVICES: - It allows feed the data into C.PU. (Computer) Examples of output devices are explained below: -

1) KEYBOARD - It is a important input device which is use every where. The keys are same as typewriter. They are classified as follows: -A) Alphabet Keys (A to Z). B) Numeric Key (0 to 9) C) Alphanumeric keys (!@#$% ~ &*) D) Function keys (Fl, F2, F3,..... F12) E) Arrow keys (Up arrow, Down arrow, Right arrow, Left arrow) F) Special keys (ENTER, TAB, CAPS LOCK, SHIFT, CTRL, ESC, ALT) 2) MOUSE - It is a device, which can easy to operate by one hand only.

It looks like a rat or mouse. It includes a three buttons & we can operate mouse through that buttons

2) OUTPUT DEVICES - The data, which we feed in computer through input device that data are displayed through, output device whenever called. Examples of output device as follows: -

1) Monitor (Screen of the computer)

2) Printer (DOT Matrix, Laser, etc.)

3) Backing Storage Devices :- Are those devices which can store data feed in by the use of input device. Some examples of backing storage devices are as below:-1) Hard Disk 2) Floppy Disk 3) Compact Disk (CD)

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER

Computers can be classified on purpose, components and size

1.ANALOG COMPUTERS 2.DIGITAL COMPUTERS 3.HYBRID COMPUTERS

Analog Computers : Analog computers are computer that measures physical quantities (eg. Temperature, length, pressure, Whether reports etc...) and convert them to numeric values. It is used mainly for scientific & engineering purpose.

Digital Computers : Digital computers are used for mathematical operations such as (eg . addition ,subtraction, letters, symbols)

Hybrid Computers: The features of analog and digital computer are combined to create a hybrid computing system. The doctors to measure hearts beats SIZE mostly use hybrid computers

All digital computer store numbers, letters and other characters in coded form. The code used to represent characters is the binary code - i.e. a code made up of binary digits or bits. Every character is represent by a string of "Os" and ""Is" - the only digits found in the binary numbering system. When data is types into a computer the keyboard convert each keystroke into a binary character code. This code is then transmitted to the computer, when the computer transmits the data to the - printer or the screen, or to the disk, each individual character is communicated in binary code. It is then converted back to the specific character while displaying or printing the data.

One 'Bit1 is a short of Binary Digit. A collection of 8 bits is known as a BYTE and half of byte i.e. a collection of 4 bits is known as a NIBBLE; 1 Byte= 8 Bits; 1 Kilobyte (KB)= 1024 Bytes; 1 Megabyte (MB)= 1024 KB; 1 Gigabyte (GB)= 1024 MB.

Note :- Every character you type occupies 1 byte, Every Space occupies 2 bytes and every Enter you hit occupies 2 bytes.

TYPES OF STORAGE SYSTEM

1. INTERNAL STORAGE :-

RAM :- (Random Access Memory ).Where programs arid data are held during processing temporarily. Data stored in the RAM is lost when either the machine is switched off. ROM :- (Read Only Memory). Where permanent instructions or data are held. The ROM does not require a continuous supply of power to retain it contents.

2. EXTERNAL STORAGE:-

(A) HARD DISK : Hard disks are a collection of/ pack of diskettes, known as platters, made of aluminum, with their surface being coated with iron oxide joined together to form a cylinder. They have more storage capacity and speed than floppy disks.

(B) Floppies are made of Mylar plastic coated with magnetic oxide. The flexible material is cut into circular pieces.5 1/4" or 3 1/2" in diameter. They are called Floppy disk"

Computer systems have became more advanced and faster in today's society and will allow you to perform many different tasks on them. Such tasks as maintaining and keeping address books, preparing a report for your class, maintaining and keeping a checkbook, creating slides for presentation that you will need for your job, and even playing video games at your own leisure a time.

Importantly enough your computer is made up of several different tools that allows you to be more efficient and faster at getting the job done that you need to do. Think of as having a car and for that car to be able to move from place to place you need different tools. Such tools as a steering wheel, an engine, a gas well and break, tires, and most importantly the body of the car. Having these proper tools will allow the car to move from place to place.

Your computer contains two major sets of tools, software and hardware, and within the two. You can categorize various tools as follows: software, application software, system software, hardware, input devices, output devices, CPU and RAM, storage devices, telecommunications devices, hardware connections. A system or computer can come in a variety of sizes and shapes. In today's society, the business world has allowed you to find the right computer that will support and that will process needs of millions of people simultaneously. These type of computers are called minicomputers, mainframe computers, and super computers that allow millions of people to surf and work simultaneously. If you have a personal preference there are a wide range of options including desktop computers, the notebook computers, and also digital assistants.

Software instructions that your computer hardware executes as a process that information is getting for you. Make a list of many reasons why you want a computer and if those reasons will focus on the things you want. I guarantee these focuses will be on the software aspect of a computer. Say for example, you want to keep a home budget. Then, you certainly wouldn't say that may use a mouse to do this with. But you may say, I want to pry a high quality document using my computer so I can turn the document into a school project. But to do this you must create those documents first and you need the software to do this.

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There are two major categories of software. These categories are the system and application software areas. A system software is the software that details how your computer carries out technology specific tax. These tasks include getting your computer going when you turn it on writing information to a disk, checking for viruses, and a host of other activities. Because system software deals with technology specific tax, we say that it's the layer of software closest to your computer.

The application software part of a computer is the software that will allow you to perform specific tasks, such tasks as writing papers or term papers for school, surfing the Internet, keeping a budget at your home and creating a slideshow presentation for your job. Because this type of application software deals with specific information related tasks that you want to perform, this is considered the software that is closest to you.

The diagnostics that are associated with computers can help to identify any problem or failure that computers show when they are having problems. Diagnostics are used to test out the computer system, which includes both the BIOS and memory, software, and even the hardware that is attached to the computer.

The most common types of problems will occur when your computer is down to very low resources, which can either be a low amount of RAM, or a low disk space. These conditions are very common, and generally result in your computer running very slow. This can easily be fixed, all you have to do is defrag your hard drive, and get rid of some programs and files that you no longer use or need.

Almost all types of computer diagnostic software can find and fix just about any problem that you are having. It normally starts off with a BIOS examination, and goes on from there. PC diagnostics
software can determine a lot from the BIOS, from the common settings to those that have a major impact on both boot up and performance.

No matter what you do, you should never modify or tamper with the BIOS settings, as it can lead to serious problems. If you do plan to modify or mess with your BIOS, you should always create a backup first, just in case something goes wrong. The BIOS settings can be very tricky, although they are responsible for a lot to do with your computer. If you have never been in the BIOS before, you really shouldn’t be modifying anything inside of it.

Depending on the diagnostics program that you are using, there will be several different features available. Right now, two of the most popular are Norton Systemworks and PC Doctor. Both of these programs offer full diagnostics software, good for fixing just about any software related computer program you can imagine.

Once you run the program, you’ll be able to select the diagnostic test that you are planning to run. Some offer you a full system scan, which will scan your entire computer and then display any problems that you having. After displaying any problems, the software will normally give you an option to go ahead and fix it. As long as the problem is nothing serious, the diagnostic software can generally fix it.

The more complicated problems, such as hardware failures or hard drive crashes, are a totally different story. They will require a technician who is very experienced, that can rebuild the hardware. Diagnostic software can report hardware problems to you, although most of the time it is unable to fix it.

There are other computer diagnostic software that you run after starting the computer or rebooting, that will check everything from BIOS. These types are great, although the types such as Norton and PC Doctor are by far superior. They offer far more features, including defragment, cache cleaner, and the option to delete your temporary Internet files. These features are great to have, especially if you aren’t the technical type.

For more reasons than one, computer diagnostic software is the ideal way to find and prevent problems with your computer. Norton Systemworks offers you Ghost as well, which is the perfect way to back up your data. You can back up certain files, or just go ahead and back up your entire hard drive. Systemworks and Ghost are very easy to use, even if you are completely new to computers. For everything they offer you - computer diagnostic programs are the ideal way to prevent problems before they happen.

A keyboard is an input device that contains keys. You press to enter data into the computer. A desktop computer keyboard, typically has 101 to 105 keys. Keyboard for smaller computers such as notebooks contain fewer keys. A computer keyboard includes keys that allow you to type letters of the alphabet, numbers, spaces, punctuation marks, and other symbols such as the dollar sign and asterisk sign. a keyboard also contains other keys that allow you to enter data and instructions into the computer.

Input Devices

an input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data,programs, commands, and user responses into a computer. Depending on your particular application and requirement, the input device you use may very. Other input devices include the keyboard, mouse, digital camera, scanner, and Marco. The two primary input devices used by the keyboard and the mouse. This section discusses both of these input devices.

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Most handheld computers, such as smart phones, PDAs, and tablet PCs, use a variety of alternatives for entering data and instructions. One of the more popular handheld computer input devices is the stylus. A stylus is a small metal or plastic device that looks like a ballpoint pan, but uses pressure instead of eat to write, draw, or make selections. Many smart phones include a digital camera so users can send pictures and videos to others.

After the fist computer was invented, everyone was somewhat intrigued by it’ amazing capabilities and was a little reticent to the idea of having machines to do their jobs. After computers started to be incorporated in industry, there was no need for human workers because they wore considered to slow. This is when people started loosing their jobs to computers.

As a fist consequence, people started to reject computers because jobs wore taken away from them. Still, they did a more efficient work, thus the companies had nothing to complain about. In fact, computers have increased the productivity and money kept pouring in their pockets. After a while, people got used to the idea of having computers in their lives and found new ways to use them. Nowadays, everyone has a computer in their home or office that helps them with accounting or some other tasks that we would consider boring and time consuming. Not only that we use computers every day, but now entire existence depends on them now. From traffic lights to satellites in orbit, everything is controlled with their help.

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We have come such a long way with the help of computer that it would be hard for us to imagine what would of happened if they wore not invented. Our entire technology is based on computers and electricity. Without these, we would be back in the Stone Age. These could be considered our greatest achievement and also our greatest weakness. If we are to take into consideration how much have computers helped us thus far, then we are nothing without them.

As a conclusion, we will never be able to rid ourselves of computers, not as long as everything revolves around them. Until we find some other method of computation, we will be the slaves to our own invention.

Computer helps for giving artificial life to images/graphics. In advance method of animation making, computer software has a great role. Computer only can help for making 2-D and 3-D animations easily. Animation is a graphic art that is unstable, uniquely run one after another within a frame area to create an illusion of movie. Software have that feature to shape the graphics one after another in a certain frame area. After compiling the frames, it generates a compact file that shows all the frames running the images sequentially.

Computer and Animator

Computer helps the animator for designing graphics, frame settings, color compositions, compilation of files. The computer technology brings the update methods through software that helps the animator putting his enormous ideas.

Virtual Animating Synthetic Motion

Popular animation movies have many types of characters and objects. For making them, the animators should know some basic knowledge on Kenematics, Articulated figure, effectors, Geometric (key frame techniques), Physical dynamics, Behavioral in individual and as a group and Motion Control Methods (MCM) etc. In 2-D and 3-D animation work some specific functions should be used. Kinematics is the study of the time related properties of motion such as position, acceleration, velocity and independent of the underlying forces that produce the motion. Articulated figure is a structure that consists of a series of rigid links connected at joints, frequently only revolute or rotary joints in computer animation. End effector is the free end of a chain of links, for example, a hand at the end of an arm in human character.

Motion twin, time line effect, morphing, masking, blurring, expanding, transitions, transform and explode are such activities used for object motion. Frame by frame motion in certain software is the best media for character motions. You can make some action buttons, movie clips for an interactive animation.

For character (i.e. human) animation the type of information of primary importance in animating an object, especially an articulated figure is very important. For a key frame system this is the angle of each of the joints. In a forward kinematics system the motion of all the joints in character is explicitly set by the animator. The animator would move the shoulder, arm, elbow, fore arm, hand, eye and lips. In inverse kinematics the animator moves the end effector and the system computes move the corresponding positions.

Animation software Tools

Software is a fantastic tool for creating the animated films, web site animations, animated comics, interface and emotional faces. Some exclusive Computer Animation creator software are eFrontier MotionArtist, efrontier Anime Studio, Anime Studio Pro, Morpheus Photo Animation Suite, Animations Plus, Cosmic Blobs, Macromedia Fireworks, Morpheus Photo Morpher, Poser 6/Shade LE Bundle, 3D Figure Design and Animation, Adobe Creative Suite, Adobe Flash Pro, Fireworks, Istopmotion (Macintosh), Comic Life Deluxe, Poser Figure Artist, Animations & More, Cosmic Blobs - Expansion Pack Collection, Adobe LiveMotion, PodMedia Creator, Fisher Price Magna Doodle, 3D Album Picture Pro, Macromedia Flash Pro , CoreFX Three Level Complete Drawing, Eovia Carrara 4 Pro Win/Mac , Poser Figure Artist , Headline Studio 1.0 , iAnimator, Wild Photo Effects (Jewel Case) , WebRazor Pro 2.0 , Corefx Three Level , ProVenture Creative Animator , Net Ad Creator and many more.

a computer mouse is a pointing device that fits comfortably in the palm of your hand. With a mouse, you control the movement of the pointer, often called the mouse pointer, on the screen and make selections from the screen.

A mouse has one the five buttons. The bottom of a mouse is flat and contains a mechanism ( ball, optical sensor, or laser sensor) that detects movement of the mouse. Notebook computers come with a pointer device bill into the keyboard so that you can select items on the screen without requiring additional desktop space.

A mechanical mouse contains a small ball. The optical mouse uses an optical sensor. The laser mouse uses a laser sensor. They all include a wheel you roll to scroll and zoom. The optical mouse and laser mouse contain additional buttons that enable forward and backward navigation through the web pages. a laser mouse is the most precise of all mouses.

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Also, most notebook computers include a pointing device to allow a user to control the movement of the pointer. These pointers allow the user more accurate and to use the computer more freely, without causing issues.

I’m sure that if you are new to computers you probably don’t know what this is or what it dose. To make thing simple, random access memory is the most important component of your pc.

Why? RAM allows your computer to work faster and to respond to instructions within useful time. The more you have, the better and faster your computer responds. The first computers didn’t have this component; they used to have a magnetic tape on which they stored information.

What makes random access so useful, is the fact that it stores information on a random basis. This could seem a little weird but it actually works. Because of the fact that it stores it this way, it is also able to read exactly what is necessary, without reading unnecessary information. RAM stores to most used pieces of information, setting priorities according the number of times it has used that information.

The standard computers have up to 1 or 2 GB of memory. This could be considered too much for personal use and some users never take advantage of its real potential. Companies that run lots of programs that require memory, use up to 4 or 8 GB or memory. Companies that require these powerful computers, usually handle servers and other services online that require fast and reliable file transfers.

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No matter the computer you have and no matter how low or fast is works, random access memory makes all the difference in the world. You can never have too much, but you can always have too little.