calligraphy pen reservoir

The calligraphy pen is a simple tool that takes considerable application to master. Some pens come with little added extras which may also take some time getting used to.

Some calligraphy pens come with a detachable reservoir and some are permanently fixed. A calligraphy pen reservoir is a little piece of metal fitted to the calligraphy pen nib that increases the amount of ink it holds. You’ll find that it will give you a more even flow of ink. It will also reduce the frequency with which you will have to recharge your pen while working.

The calligraphy pen reservoir might be a detachable piece that can be removed for refilling or cleaning while other pens come with the reservoir permanently attached. Both have their pluses and minuses, but using them is just a matter of trial and error and becoming accustomed to the new tool.

Although a detachable reservoir gives you an easier pen to clean, you also have the responsibility of reassembling the pen carefully. Allowing the reservoir to protrude from the nib will reduce the quality of the ink flow and your work will suffer.

A top-mounted reservoir can prove to be a distraction for some people because it can obscure the vision to the writing edge. There are options available to over come this, such as the Mitchell Roundhand Series pens which have the reservoir permanently mounted to the holder sitting underneath the nib.

Care must also be taken when recharging the reservoir that is permanently attached to the pen. Turn your pen upside down and, either with a paintbrush that has been dipped in ink or with an eyedropper , add the ink to the widest part of the nib. This will allow the ink to fill the space between the nib and the reservoir. Make sure the upper side of the pen nib is ink-free.
Careful application of ink to the nib and reservoir will ensure you maintain a smooth, even flow when lettering and you reduce the risk of leaving large ink blots around your work surface – your lines will be consistently wide.

To clean the reservoir, slide it off and simply rinse it under running water. Soak the nib in a special solvent (such as Higgins Pen Cleaner) overnight and then take an old toothbrush to it to get it clean. Take the soaking nib the next morning and rinse it in cold running water before drying it thoroughly with a towel.

When buying a calligraphy pen with an attached reservoir make sure that you have a close look at the nib and reservoir settings to ensure that the tip of the reservoir hasn’t been bent away from the nib. The flange of the reservoir should sit lightly on top of the pen with little excess air space visible.

As with all important tools, the more care you take with maintenance of your pen, the longer it will remain in good working order.

Islamic Calligraphy has arguably become the most reverenced form of Islamic art. It provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. The Muslim calligraphists have great contributions in taking this Islamic art to this zenith. The holy book of Islam, Al-Qur an, has played an important role in the development and evolution of the Arabic language, and by extension, calligraphy in the Arabic alphabet. The famous Islamic artists have created Arabic calligraphy of supreme quality. Till today, The chief sources for Islamic calligraphy are the proverbs and complete passages from the Holy Qur'an. In modern times, the supply of Islamic calligraphy has also become a flourishing Islamic art business.

Islamic calligraphy is a visible expression of the highest art of all for the muslim. It is the art of the spiritual world. Calligraphy literally means writing beautifully and ornamentally. Islamic calligraphy is the art of writing, and by extension, of bookmaking. This art has most often employed the Arabic script, throughout many languages. Since Arabic calligraphy was the primary means for the preservation of the Qur'an, Calligraphy is especially revered among Islamic arts. The work of the famous muslim calligraphers were collected and greatly appreciated throughout Islamic history. Consideration of figurative art as idolatrous led to calligraphy and abstract figures becoming the main methods of artistic expression in Islamic cultures. Contemporary muslim calligraphers are also producing the Islamic calligraphy of high artistic quality.

Calligraphic scripts

The Kufic script is the first of those calligraphic scripts to gain popularit. It was angular, made of square and short horizontal strokes, long verticals, and bold, compact circles. For three centuries, this script had been mainly used to copy the Qur'an. The cursive Naskh script was more often used for casual writing. This script had rounder letters and thin lines. It would come to be preferred to Kufic for copying the Qur'an as techniques for writing in this style were refined. Almost all printed material in Arabic is in Naskh. The Thuluth would take on the ornamental role formerly associated with the Kufic script in the 13th century. Thuluth is usually written in ample curves as it has a strong cursive aspect. The Persians took to using Arabic script for their own language, Persian after their conversion to Islam. The Ta'liq and Nasta'liq styles were contributed to Arabic calligraphy by the Persians. Nasta'liq style is extremely cursive, with exaggeratedly long horizontal strokes. The Diwani script is a cursive style of Arabic calligraphy. It was developed during the reign of the early Ottoman Turks (16th and early 17th centuries). This outstanding Diwani script was both decorative and communicative. Finally, Riq'a is the most commonly used script for everyday use. It is simple and easy to write. Its movements are small. In China, a calligraphic form called Sini has been developed. This form has evident influences from Chinese calligraphy. Hajji Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang is a famous modern calligrapher in this tradition.

Calligrams

The most Islamic of arts in the Muslim world, has also its figurative sides. The muslim calligraphers have produced wonderful anthropomorphic figures by interweaving written words, made from an "Allah", a "Muhammad", a "Bismillah", etc., or using micrography. These include , ('Ali, the Ideal Human of mystics, a praying man, a face), (Duldul, horse of 'Ali, horse ('Ali's Duldul), fish, stork or other bird (the qur'anic Hudhud) and unanimated representations (a sword (Dhu al-Fiqar) and a mosque. Calligrams are related to Muslim mysticism and popular with many leading calligraphers in Turkey, Persia and India from the 17th century onward.

Pakistani Islamic Calligraphy

Pakistan has produced Islamic calligraphist of international recognition. Sadeqain is on of these international fame Islamic calligraphist. He was an untraditional and self-made, self-taught painter and calligrapher. He did a lot of work on Quranic calligraphy. Many other contemporary Pakistani calligraphists like Gul Gee have created great contemporary Islamic calligraphy. These days, Islamic calligraphies of Tufail and Uzma Tufail are getting very much popular both in Pakistan and all over the world.

Islamic Calligrahpy as an Islamic Gift

The Muslims love to adore their homes, offices and places of their work with the Islamic calligraphy. The Islamic calligraphies especially the verses from the Holy Quran and the verses from the sayings of the Holy Prophet are considered to be very sacred to muslims. Islamic calligraphy indeed make the perfect gift for a muslim for any special occasion. A muslim can send an Islamic gift of Islamic calligraphy to congratulate his relative or friend on his new home or new office or on his birthday or wedding ceremony or on Eid Festival.

Chinese calligraphy is an ancient art form stemming back to almost 3000 years ago. This style of writing is said to be abstract art. Many masters throughout Chinese history have left behind their own unique interpretation of the Chinese characters. It was Tu Mang, however, who correlated it all together with form identification and style. He established names for the techniques used to describe the words. For instance, a "carefree" style has an unfixed or unknown direction. On the opposite end, a "carefully executed" form insists on careful execution and thought behind the work. "Mysterious" is to use your imagination. There are 120 existing expressions used for Chinese calligraphy, many born by great masters.

Chinese characters have been defined as complicated yet beautiful in their meaning. They are complex in relation to other writing languages. Romanization is used in terms of relation or simple visual information, however the meaning of the character remains mysterious as the art styles behind it. Some Chinese characters mimic similar tones of other characters, yet have different meanings. Some characters written with just an added dot or stroke, turn into something totally different.

What kind of brush strokes would best represent the meaning of the words I had chose? I could go with a more classic, traditional style used in ancient times or even something called the "grass" style, looking more whimsical to me. I had not realized the depth of expression involved not only in searching a tattoo, but the actual essence, personality, and layers upon layers of meaning associated with this beautiful art.

As you learn Chinese calligraphy, you will notice that traditionally certain materials are used in a particular way to produce the eloquent results. The Chinese use special brushes made of rabbit hair or sheep. One brush is for sharpness in line drawing, and the other for rhythm and depth all equaling to the subject's inner self. Also used in Chinese calligraphy, is a thick ground ink combined with water and applied to Chinese paper (also called rice paper) or silk. This form shows depth, contrast, density and texture and creates a rhythmic balance. When the Chinese apply color to this art form, it is to show the subject's characteristics or moods.

The more I searched on Chinese calligraphy, the more infatuated I became of the work, yet I was not getting closer to choosing a tattoo because, quite honestly, each word or quotation inspired a feeling in me. There were simply too many I identified with on a deeper, more spiritual level.

After skipping across the top of the Chinese calligraphy history and art information, you can decide to take the process further by actively seeking out places or internet sites offering a more thorough course in the art of Chinese calligraphy. Many instructions remain basic in it's course, while others incorporate reading or speaking Chinese as well.

If your focus is art, then by all means, stick with the art only instructions, as there is so much to master within that form anyways. You will learn the different tools, mediums, and colors used for expressing your personality in depth on a simple surface. There are many diverse varieties of applications in Chinese calligraphy only to express one word. The results will refer to as a living moment, or living thought. And it is the results that loved and appreciated.

Chinese calligraphy is a worthy and nice experience to launch into. Expect Countless hours of enjoyable practice into an ancient, respected, old world art. If you wish to learn Chinese calligraphy, then by all meanscontinue on.

What You Should Know.

Before you purchase your wedding invitations or correspondence stationery, you need to become familiar with paper quality. The quality of paper you select is very important. Not only because premium paper makes for a more lovely presentation for your recipient, but excellent quality paper is critical if you are using professional, handwritten calligraphy for your envelopes.

The Heirloom.

Your wedding invitation is your heirloom keepsake. Choose stationery that won t fall apart over time. For example, 100 percent cotton or linen is best. If you are hiring a professional calligrapher to address your wedding envelopes, then avoid the following: thin papers like those of inexpensive greeting card quality, papers made with wood pulp, and handmade or recycled papers. Calligraphy ink may bleed on handmade and recycled stocks.

What to Avoid.

Try to stay away from dark papers or the use of liners in your envelopes. The most formal wedding invitations, at one time, were not accompanied by lined envelopes. Liners have become more popular recently, this is true. However, I often wonder if liners were introduced to create the illusion of substance to mask otherwise thin paper. If you choose heavy weight premium paper, then a liner is not necessary. If you are sold on liners, because you wish to incorporate your wedding color into your invitations, then consider instead: a silk ribbon tied around the invitation with a parchment overlay. Or print an envelope seal in your wedding color on the back flap of our outer envelope. Monograms make wonderful envelope seals. Lastly, because dark colors and liners make envelopes opaque and can also affect writing results, calligraphers may charge more to address these flavors of envelopes.

The Toughie.

How do you choose premium paper? Stationery is usually measured in bond weight. A good piece of paper is thirty-two or forty-pound bond. And hundred-pound offset is roughly equal to forty-pound bond. Heavy cards should be made of three-ply stock. Ask your vendor about their paper quality if you are unsure. Also, here are two great tests for paper quality for envelopes. Hold the envelope up to the light. Is the envelope feathery, very thin and extremely easy to see through? Can you write on it with a good fountain pen, or does the ink bleed? Professional calligraphers use fountain and dip inks. I always tell my clients, Exquisite calligraphy can only be achieved on the finest paper.

In Sum.

Choose a reputable wedding vendor for your wedding invitations and correspondence. And remember, if the quoted prices are too-good-to-be-true , then the paper and calligraphy most likely are not.

Before the beginning of the 20th Century little had been written about calligraphy except The Story of the Alphabet by Edward Clodd and Maude Thompson's fine work on Greek ana Latin Paleography together with his volume on English Illuminated Manuscripts, published in 1895 and out of print before 1906. But since the time that Edward Johnston published his book on Writing, Lettering and Illuminating a steady stream of works upon all aspects of the subject have been written; probably it was because of the interest aroused by the pioneers in the practical side of the craft that this flow of literature occurred, both here and in the United States.

The following are among the most important. The British Museum published a guide to the collection of manuscripts they had in 1906. About the same time John W. Bradley was publishing illustrated books on illuminating, its history and development. During 1907 the British Museum published Reproductions of Illuminated MSS., a series of fifty collotype plates. In 1920 W. A. Mason published in New York a work of considerable scholarship dealing with the subject of picture writing in the Americas together with the growth of letter-form in Egypt, Phoenicia, Babylon, Assyria, Crete, Greece and Rome, a book of great interest to all who wish to study the formation of alphabets.

With the development of photography and process reproduction the range of examples showing epigraphy and paleography has increased to a degree unthought of during the early days of the century. During 1932 B. L. Ullnan of the University of Chicago published Ancient Writing and Its Influence, which brings the history of the alphabet more up to date and includes some observations on the Sinai stones, which may eventually help to solve the riddle of the alphabet. Professor E. A. Lowe of Oxford wrote in The Legacy of the Middle Ages a chapter on "Handwriting" which deals with its growth before the time of Charlemagne. This is an excellent essay, which should be known by all serious students of calligraphy. James Wardrop of the Victoria and Albert Museum has also written on "Palatino and His Circle" in Signature, No. 14, 1952.

World origins and development of alphabets are also dealt with in great profusion by D. Diringer, a scholar in these matters. The French just before the war of 1939-1945 issued some newly discovered material in plates dealing with early specimens of the written small letter under the title of L' Eicriture Latine by J. Mallon, which takes history back earlier than Maude Thompson's great work.

Finally among the smaller and more recent publications comes the "King Penguin" on the subject of writing by Alfred Fairbank, which makes a rapid survey from the fourth to the twentieth centuries; and some beautiful photographic reproductions of the detailed work of twelfth-century artists taken from the Winchester Bible by Walter Oakshott.

From about the year 1930 writing and lettering had made such progress that it had become a subject in the training of Art Teachers and was taught by the immediate followers of the two who had given their lives to its cause. Lettering of Today, first volume, published in 1937, showed the work of some of these who had taken up the craft and were in their turn passing it on to the new generation.

As the art itself has progressed, so has the literature representing calligraphy. The aforementioned books are great historical references, but technical books that will walk you through the art of calligraphy are also available.

What's the best pen to carry in your pocket? This pen also fits easily inside those personal organizers or in a woman's small purse. It's the pen by Fisher Space Pen Company called the "space pen." This pen is 3.75 inches (95mm) closed and opens to a full 5.25 inches (133mm). Besides the handy size, it's what inside that makes this pen so special and so admired. It doesn't matter how hot or cold it becomes. It will write in -30 degrees to +250 degrees Fahrenheit. It will also write at different angles, whether lying in bed, or driving in the car and leaning up against the dashboard. It will even write upside down. It writes over grease and on photographs. It will even write on wet surfaces. The cartridge is pressurized at nearly 35 pounds per square inch and the ink is fed continuously to the carbide ball. This carbide ball is made of tungsten, and it allows the user to write in any position. The stainless steel precision socket prevents leaking. The problem of evaporation and wasted ink along with back leakage has been eliminated. This pen is perfect to throw in your lightweight luggage when traveling or to take along on board in your carryon. It will write on coated stock golf scorecards and can be used to mark a map when navigating. You can write outdoors in all weather conditions, whether it's snowing or raining. This makes its perfect for boaters, campers, fishermen and hikers. Snowboarders, white water rafters and skiers will love it also. You don't have to be into extreme sports, just sit around on a beach chair and do your crossword puzzle. It will write easily from any position.

Paul C. Fisher invented the pen in 1965. He sent his pen design to Houston Space Center and NASA began testing it. Prior to this invention, astronauts had to use pencils for note taking and the graphite used could break off and float around the cabin. This was a very serious hazard, as the lead could become lodged in electrical switches and jeopardize personal safety as well as the mission. NASA put the pen through 18 months of testing. It was subsequently approved for use on a trial mission in outer space. In 1968 the pen was issued to astronauts on all manned space flights, and is still in use today by the American and Russian space program. The space pen has been featured on The Tonight Show when Carl Reiner presented the pen to Johnny Carson on the air. Most everyone on the Seinfeld episode “The Pen” also saw it. MoMA has the pen in their permanent collection in New York for years. They have cited the pen as an example of "exquisite industrial design." The pen has been one of the most popular corporate gifts for many years. It can be laser engraved or silk-screened with a company logo or name. It can also be engraved with an individual's name or initials. They are made in the U.S.A. and their novelty and dependability makes it appreciated by men and women alike.

You'll find that many emergency personnel use this pen because of the reliability. The pen is not affected by grease, dirt, or adverse weather conditions. The FBI, U.S. Navy Seals, U.S. Armed Forces, and the U.S. Thunderbirds pilots, the Canadian Snowbirds and the 431AD Squadron, use it. It has even been used during the Everest North Face Ski Expedition. The pen will also write on carbonless paper and through fingerprints. It also writes on rubber, leather and many dark surfaces. This makes it ideal for contractors, carpenters, electricians and all construction and inspection personnel. The Jacques Cousteau Society as well as many other professional scuba divers also used the Space Pen. Don't be afraid to keep this pen inside your discount luggage. You'll find a million and one reasons to use it on vacation and business trips. If nothing else, it gives you a great story to tell about the difference between a Space Pen and any other ballpoint pen.

Remember the Space Pen will fit comfortable inside a wallet or pocket. Doctors and Nurses value the pen because of its reliability and ease in writing over any surface. It is also available with a neck chain for women. The pen became popular because of its use in outer space, but it's dependability is what keeps people using it over and over again. In critical application, this pen is unsurpassed. It will write on X-ray film and on the glossy records in hospitals. You can also use it on latex gloves without tearing them. It's easy to see why the Space Pen will become one of your favorite travel accessories. Whether you are flying to the moon or just going on a short trip, you'll want to take this pen along with you. The timeless design and unparalleled dependability will accompany you anywhere you care to go.

At the same time as working on the Personal Computer, at times could do with arises to transport information from one Personal Computer to the other Personal Computer in another place. This requires an outside storage space medium to put away the stuffing and then move it to another scheme. Up to that time the floppy discs and the CDs were used for this reason and are at a standstill being used. On the other hand, Floppies can grasp no more than very little quantity of data in them and Compact Disc need a CD writer in the Personal computer, to burn up the contents into it. In view of the fact that Compact Discs writers may possibly not be accessible in each and every one the systems, it was a bit easier said than done to use. This noticeable the entry of USB Pen Drives. Little, and light-weighted, trouble-free to grip and rapid to use, USB pen drive are a genuine benefit to the technical field.

A USB pen drive is a little device that is used to move information between two Personal computers with the assistance of USB port. They are obtainable in a broad assortment of looks and capacity. Initial from as low as 32 Mega Byte they can go up to 1 Giga byte, 2 Giga Byte and the most recent one being 7 Giga Byte This gives an thought of the immensity of data that can be store in a pen drive. It is extremely constructive and in view of the fact that it is light weighted, it fits completely wherever, right from a handbag to a people' pouch even. In view of the fact that it resembles a pen, the name Pen drive has come. A number of in addition come with other amenities emotionally involved to it, like MP3 player, which adds to the a lot of uses of the pen drives!

The pen drive can be detached at whichever time subsequent to it is un-mounted and can be safely removed hardware in case of Windows operating system and can be re-plugged into the similar or a diverse personal computer to be used again. A pen drive s most significant use is to transport data and documentation from single personal computer to another. For example. One can very with no trouble copy all the word processing papers, images and the spreadsheets to the pen drive, take it the length of and duplicate the files on his or her home personal computer and work on it at home as per as their requirements with ease.

A pen drive is single of the largest part economical mobile medium for information storage in stipulations of cost per component storage space. They are if truth be told light-weight and robust in character which has completed it a full-size strike and a extremely significant and vital instrument for a large number of users of all kinds from small children s to adults, and from doctors to teachers for every one pen drive is a great way to store required information and carrying it where ever required very easily.

Bend Oregon is better known for its trout fishing but it also supports a few lakes that have good populations of Largemouth and Smallmouth Bass. The bodies of water within a one hour drive from Bend that hold bass are Crane Prairie Reservoir, Wickiup Reservoir, Davis Lake, Prineville Reservoir, Haystack Reservoir and Lake Billy Chinook (Round Butte Reservoir).

Crane Prairie Reservoir is better known for its large Rainbow and Brook Trout. However it is full of stumps, standing and downed trees. It is a Largemouth Bass heaven. It is a relatively shallow body of water with reeds and lily pads as well as lots of wood cover. The deepest part near the dam is 16 to 20 feet deep depending on how much water is in the reservoir at any given time.

The reservoir sits in the Cascade Mountains southwest of Bend. It is surrounded by pine trees and supports a healthy wild life population. You can always count on seeing countless Ospreys, a few Bald Eagles and numerous water fowl. Osprey and Great Blue Herons both nest at Crane Prairie.

Crane Prairie is not a year round lake and it often freezes over in the winter. Since it is a trout lake the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife closes it to fishing at the end of October and opens it back up on the third Saturday in April. There are years where it is partially ice covered on opening day.

The belief is that Largemouth Bass no not bite until June or July," when the water warms." However, some of the best bass fishing on Crane is in May. The author has caught many bass over five pounds in late April and May. The place to fish is the shallow North side of the reservoir where the water temperatures can be in the low to mid fifties in 2 to 6 feet of water.

Early mornings in April and May are not the time to fish for bass. Early afternoon is the best time to start. The water in Crane is crystal clear this time of year and it is hard to get a bite if the sun is out and the wind is calm. The silt and mud bottom with plentiful amounts of wood cover soak up the heat on these cool spring days.

If it is calm and sunny you are better off to put your rod down, your trolling motor on high and start looking for fish. Often times they will be laying on top of fallen logs sunning.
There are also many root balls from blown over trees that will hold fish. You will not see any small fish this time of year. It will be strictly pre-spawn females.

Once you start seeing fish slow down and start looking more closely. You will find several fish in the same area and don't want to spook them too much. Once you have found a few areas that hold fish be sure and mark them so you can come back when the wind picks up and puts a little chop on the water.

It is not necessary to mark every fish. Just keep track of the general area where you saw concentrations of fish. Go back to those areas and fish the lay down logs and the root balls. Black weedless jigs with a trailer or 6 inch black worms are the ticket this time of year. The author's favorite jig trailer is a 5 inch black with blue flake twin tail grub.

Crane Prairie bass are big for Oregon standards. The largest bass caught by the author was 6.5 pounds. He has seen Largemouth caught and released in excess of 8 pounds in some local bass tournaments. These are not your normal run and gun bass tournaments however because there is a 10 mile an hour speed limit on Crane Prairie Reservoir.

In the early 1990s the average spring time bass was in the 3 to 5 pound range. Now the average is 2 to 4 pounds with a few 5 pounders thrown in. Crane Prairie Largemouth usually spawn around the full moon in late June. Spawn and post spawn is usually when the fish "start to bite" for the general public and anyone can catch several small males that bite aggressively.

After the spawn the large female bass drop back to deeper water around the channels and become harder to catch. Crank baits and spinner baits come into play at this time of year. The water also starts to take on some color and is not as clear. Aquatic weeds and moss also start to grow making it more difficult to fish jigs and worms.

Fall and late fall are difficult time to catch fish as the water is low from irrigation use and it starts to clear up again. Spring is definitely the best time to catch Large Mouth Bass on Crane Prairie Reservoir.

Ink cartridges have revolutionised written communications. Time and labour saving are just two of the assets of today's ink cartridge. This is one small demonstration of the way the pace of life has picked up, to the point of not having time to hand write anything. Many people still extol the virtues of the written word, particularly older people who truly appreciate receiving a letter from a friend or relative.

Communication was more of a concern than speed before the invention of the ink cartridge. The human race have always had this built in need to leave their mark on the world, to communicate their life story and pass on useful information.

Cave men were not the Neanderthals people think, simply concerned with hunting, grunting and reproducing. They coped with every-day life just as we do but with different priorities. In a bid to leave their mark and not be forgotten, they used sharp implements to etch their memories on cave walls.

Clay tablets were developed later on to make information transportable, so much easier than lugging your cave around with you. Caveman etchings consisted of a series of pictures that any onlookers could understand and the first alphabet that was written left to right was invented by the Greeks in 400BC, all in upper case due to the rudimentary nature of writing implements fashioned from bone, ivory or metal.

They used these first 'pens' to mark wax coated tablets that were hinged together 'book' style, in order for them to close and protect the contents. I'm sure the Greeks would have appreciated the ease of ink cartridges but at least they were able to condense their communications with the first text messages without the need for pictures.

The Chinese invented 'Indian Ink' from a mixture of soot from pine smoke and lamp oil mixed with gelatine of donkey skin and musk. In common use by 1200BC, I'm sure this came with a fairly pungent smell! Other cultures used a mixture of natural dyes and some of these ideas have held fast until today.

Inventions of paper and ink pretty much paralleled over the years. Paper made from wood fibre came about in 105AD but was kept as a secret within the country until around 700AD, after which it rapidly spread. However, it wasn't until the late 14th Century with the widespread building of paper mills that paper became available throughout Europe.

Reed pens made from hollow grass or bamboo stems were popular for a period but it was the quill pen that dominated for the longest. Quill pens only lasted a week, even if you chose the strongest feathers. It was well known that the strongest were taken from living birds in the spring from the five outer left wing feathers.

The left was picked because of the curvature of the quill when held in the right hand but this left the option of using quills from the right wing to make left handed pens. A special knife was used to sharpen these quills bringing about the first pen knife. Pens that last one week? What a throw away culture!

Today, of course, advancements are made all the time for different applications. Take, for example, the amount of money spent on trying to invent a pen that would work in outer space with zero gravity. I think the Russians had that one sussed by using a pencil!

And then, of course, is the invention of the disappearing biro. The one you put down and apparently morphes into its surroundings, never to be seen again. I've bought countless pens of that type. At least we know, when we buy an ink cartridge, that it's just that bit too big to disappear on us.

Krishna, the Supreme Lord, has three types of energies: 1. Material, 2. Spiritual, and 3. Marginal. The material energy is the dull matter that has no consciousness. The spiritual energy is the conscious energy that is devoted to His service. The marginal energy consists of the living entities--individual souls, such as ourselves, that have the choice of either identifying with matter or spirit.

In actuality, the marginal potency (individual spirit souls) is also spiritual. Because of his marginal position, the soul can be illusioned by the material energy, and completely forget his real nature. As soon as the soul associates with the material nature, he becomes conditioned. He tries to enjoy this material world, which is by nature different from him, and consequently he is frustrated in his attempt.

If the spirit soul associates with the spiritual nature through the processes of devotional service: hearing about Krishna, chanting His glories, remembering Him, worshiping Him, serving His lotus feet, offering prayers, carrying out His orders, becoming His friend, and surrendering to Him, the soul will be situated in his constitutional position and enjoy unlimitedly.

The soul is often compared to a small spark that will only continue blazing as long as it remains in the fire. When it is removed from the fire its. illumination is quickly extinguished. Similarly, the soul will experience eternity, bliss and knowledge only as long as he remains engaged in Krishna's service. Otherwise, his true nature will be covered.

Krishna is in everyone's heart, and, in fact, in every atom of the creation. Nothing exists without Krishna. He appears in His expansion as the Supersoul. In this form, He is guiding us in this world giving us intelligence, remembrance, and forgetfulness; and patiently waiting for us to give up our futile endeavor to enjoy the material world.

The Vedic literatures describe that there are two souls in the heart of every entity: God and the individual soul. This is compared to two birds in a tree; one bird is trying to enjoy the fruits of the tree, while the other is observing. When the bird who is trying to enjoy (the individual soul) turns to the observing bird (God), God becomes pleased and sends a spiritual master to the individual soul to guide him on his spiritual path.

Because the conditioned soul is covered with the material energy, he is not capable of perceiving directly the existence and direction of the Supersoul who is situated next to him in the heart; but when the Supersoul sends His external manifestation (the spiritual master) to help the sincere seeker, the soul is able to perceive spiritual reality through the words of the spiritual master. Gradually, as the soul comes to Krishna consciousness, he will be able to perceive Krishna in his heart, as well as in everything around Him.
1. Bhagavad-gita 15.15
2. Svetasvatara Upanisad 4

Krishna is the reservoir of all beauty. The Bhagavad-gita states that everything comes from Krishna. In the tenth chapter, He says that He is the source of all material and spiritual worlds.

As the Universal Form, Krishna's features are bewildering even to his pure devotees. But, in His original feature with two hands holding a flute, He is unlimitedly attractive. Devotees are interested in worshiping Krishna in His original form.

The source of anything contains all the qualities present in the emanation and more. For example, in our homes we have the benefit of electricity which ultimately comes from a large power station situated miles away. We can understand that the power station's capacity to generate electricity far exceeds the tiny amount that we have access to in our homes. The beauty of Krishna far exceeds anything that is present in His creation.

The attractive features of Krishna have been classified in six different divisions by the great sages. He is 1. All beautiful, possessing perfect bodily characteristics, 2. All knowing, 3. Completely renounced, 4. The strongest person, 5. The most wealthy, and 6. The most famous.

The more we learn about Krishna, His appearance, His qualities, and His personality, the more we will be attracted to Him and our natural love for Him will be awakened.

1. Bhagavad-gita 10.8

The pen drive or the USB drives are storage devices that store memory and it is coupled with universal serial bus connector. It is characterized by its small size, featherweight and by its qualities of removable as well as rewrite ability.

The pen drive has an edge over other storage tools - in particular the floppy disk. These are more compact, swifter, have a bigger capacity to hold data and above all are more reliable because there are no mobile parts involved. The design too is durable. Usually computers are packaged without floppy but pen drives are available at all PC and lap top outlets. The pen drive uses the USM mass storage standard and is supported by the latest operating systems like Windows, Mac, Linux and others.

The pen drive or flash drive consists of a small circuit board made of plastic or metal. Recently rubber casings are being used. This makes it convenient to carry around the pen drive in the pocket like a key chain. A cap protects it. It can be connected directly to the computer.

To get access to the stored data the pen drive has to be linked to the computer either by plugging it into a built-in USB host controller or into a USB Hub. Pen drive becomes active only then - drawing its lifeline from the computer.

The pen drive is the product of combination and integration of old technologies with new features like mini size, low cost and minimum power consumption. The memory has its base on previous EPROM expertise. The latest ones use state of the art technology. Contents can be erased electrically without the use of UV light and the erasing is total. But the later models improved upon this and partial erasure became possible. It required a lot of support from the computer so that it can be said that the latest pen drives are miniature version of the microprocessor system.

With the new model of pen drives it became possible to serially access memory storage together with the development of small and yet high speed (using low power) systems that became integrated in mini compact systems. Many MP3 players can be used as a pen drive.

Many claim to have been pioneers in the manufacture of the first pen drives. Trek first marketed it in 2000. The next generation of flash or pen drives have USB 2.0 connectivity.

There is no limit to various shapes and sizes of pen drives - one even looks like a delectable piece of sushi! Too much of designing however leads to bulkiness. Pen drives have been integrated with other items that people carry or wear like - watches, pens and even a pen-knife. Some even look like bricks and others like toys.

Pen drives are being widely used and this raises the point of security. For this biometrics and encryption are becoming the norm. Pen drives are popular with those who deal with system and network administration for configuration, system maintenance including trouble shooting and recovery. In the PC repair field the pen drive has become indispensable.

Pen drives are practically immune to scratches and dust problems. This makes them ideal for transferring data from one location to another unit, like from home to office and vice versa. The object is almost ubiquitous. It means it will work with any computer. The storage capacity is dense while on the other hand power consumption is very low. No additional device is required to read from and write on pen drives. Pen drives can even survive chewing attacks from puppies and submergence in the washing machine. It is amazing how a small device can be of such great use!

What more can be desired?

APen Drive is a compact, removable storage device just like a floppy disk or a CD. Instead of the floppy device or the CD ROM that are used for reading a floppy disk and CD respectively, a pen drive can be plugged into the USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port of a computer. The USB connectivity makes the pen drive easier to use and data can be transferred faster to and from the pen drive.

Different Manufacturers have named Pen Drives they manufacture differently. Today, a pen drive goes by the names of thumb drive, USB flash drive, Jump Drive, Traveler`s Drive, USB key drive, USB memory stick and many others!

These pen drives are small, inexpensive, almost ubiquitous and extremely handy. They are available largely in the range of 1 to 8 GB which makes them of great use and has made floppy disks and CDs look like useless storage mediums.

The credit of inventing the pen drives goes to IBM. It was invented in 1988 to replace the floppy disks, but IBM never patented it. IBM contracted in M-Systems to manufacture the Pen Drive and the patent is now owned by them.

The pen drive is a modern floppy disk. The main difference is that a floppy disk has moving parts which makes the data stored on the drive vulnerable to loss. A pen drive, on the other hand is a solid state device i.e. it has no moving parts. This makes it possible to almost completely seal the pen drive making it dust-proof and the common magnetic fields. Hence, a pen drive is a much safer option for storing important data.

The latest operating systems like (Windows XP, Linux and Mac OS 2) can recognize these pen drives and mount them automatically. Once it is connected, recognized and mounted by the operating system, it appears just like any other partition of the hard disk except it is named as removable storage.

The pen drive can be removed any time after it is un-mounted (safely remove hardware in case of Windows) and can be re-plugged into the same or a different machine to be used again. A pen drive`s most important use is to transport data and files from one machine to another. For e.g. one can simply copy all the word processing documents, images and spreadsheets to the pen drive, carry it along and copy the files on his/her home computer and work on it at home.

Some users have found the pen drive useful in moving their internet browser History, Cache, Cookies, and other transient data. This improves their privacy and security as no traces of the work done on the machine is left on the PC. Once copied to the drive, the files can be made more secured by encryption or any other method of security.

The pen drives can also be used to store operating systems to boot the computer. This makes them popular for repair and diagnostic work. Instead of carrying tools and maintenance software applications on CDs, a pen drive can be used which is faster and can be manipulated easily in case the software is upgraded or is no more useful.

A pen drive is one of the most economical mobile medium for data storage in terms of cost per unit storage space. They are really light-weight and robust in nature which has made it a big hit and a very important and indispensable tool for a large number of users.

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