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Research in Social Sciences: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

Research in social sciences largely depends on measurements and analysis and interpretation of numerical as well as non numerical data. Quantitative research methods focus on statistical approaches and qualitative methods are based on content analysis, comparative analysis, grounded theory, and interpretation (Strauss, 1990). Quantitative methods emphasise on objective measurements and numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires or surveys and qualitative research focuses on understanding social phenomena through interviews, personal comments etc. Quantitative and qualitative methods are studied within the context of positivistic and phenomenological paradigms (Papers4you.com, 2006).

The applications of research methods could be studied in the context of business and management or in social psychology to understand a social process. Some of the basic tools for qualitative or quantitative research are related to data collection methods which can be case studies, questionnaires or interviews (Simon et al, 1985). Research methods in management focus on leadership studies and leadership issues are examined in accordance with contingency theory and organisational theory. The effects of leadership are best studied with the help of qualitative or quantitative research methods and analyses of questionnaires sent to participants in management positions. Research methods are however focused not just on management issues but also on social process for example a study on the interaction between age, physical exercise and gender. Some disadvantages and possible flaws of such methods may be related to abuse or misuse of interview techniques, inadequacy of data collection methods and reliability of data. The methodological approach and data collection techniques are important in research and form an important aspect of study (Simon, 1985). The case study approach is especially useful in analysis of business environments and perceptual mapping techniques are used for marketing research. Focus groups and surveys are used as other preferred methods of data collection, especially within business environments (Papers4you.com, 2006).

Interpretive research can be considered as an important aspect of qualitative analysis, although as with all qualitative data, subjective bias can be a deterrent in the validity of such approaches. In studying research methods, it would be necessary to highlight the differences between qualitative and quantitative methods although it has also been argued that an integrated approach to social analysis could close in the gap between quantitative and qualitative methods and both these methods could be used for social research studies. In fact there may not be a specified correct method of research as each method seems to have its strengths and weaknesses and these factors should be examined carefully before a particular method is selected or used for studying a social process.

Bibliography

Champion, Dean J. (1981) Basic statistics for social research / Dean J. Champion. 2nd ed. New York : Macmillan ; London : Collier Macmillan

Papers For You (2006) "P/B/685. Qualitative research methods", Available from http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/sprtdis18.htm [22/06/2006]

Papers For You (2006) "C/B/397. Critically assess and compare the strengths and limitations of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Use concrete examples to support your arguments", Available from Papers4you.com [21/06/2006]

Strauss, Anselm L. (1990) Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques / Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications,

Simon, Julian Lincoln. (1985) Basic research methods in social science / Julian Simon, Paul Burstein 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill,

Explore the new exciting developments in mobile content trends

Youpark, a rapidly growing mobile content provider has released its first StatGuage that provides the most updated and latest consumers’ trends within the mobile content market. The StatGuage presents a consolidated analysis on the content purchase trend of Youpark based on the factors of “Top Downloads by Platform”, “Downloads by Countries”, “Download by Categories”, “Top Selected Devices”, “Most Referred Products” and “Top 5 Youpark Developers”. Youpark, an online software shop provides over 15,000 unique mobile application and games that change the way people live, work and play. After evaluating the consumers’ buying trend on Youpark, it is found out that Symbian OS is the most popular platform. The top selling category is Games whereas Nokia N73 is the top selected device for which maximum content is downloaded.

On analyzing the StatGuage, it can be concluded that Youpark is still at an early stage of mobile content business. However with the surging trend of mobile content, this initial report will lay the groundwork for future versions of StatGuage, making the upcoming version more improved and enhanced from the previous. See below the percentage of top five entries for selected factors. To discover more on the details of each analysis, download the StatGuage (pdf version). [http://www.youpark.com/Youpark-StatGauge.pdf].

Top Downloads by Platform According to Youpark StatGuage, Symbian OS remains as the most popular platform for mobile consumers with content sales and downloads up to 31%, followed by Java (23%) and Pocket PC (19%). See below the top downloads by platform on Youpark. 1.Symbian 31% 2.Java 23% 3.Windows Mobile (PPC) 19% 4.Windows Mobile (SP)11% 5.Blackberry 10%

Downloads by Categories On analyzing the consumption of rich mobile content with respect to the different categories, it has been found out that Games has been the top selling category on Youpark, generating almost 21% of the total sales. The other popular categories have been Utility, Productivity and Business & Professional. Category Percentage Games 21% Utilities 16% Productivity 14% Business & Professional 12% Entertainment 11%

Top Selected Devices Various devices from Nokia Nseries phone have been the “Top Selected Devices” on Youpark which includes Nokia N73, N72, N95, N70, N95 8GB, showing the maximum content downloads. This is followed by some popular devices of Sony Ericsson and Blackberry. 1.NokiaN73 2.Nokia N95 3.Nokia N70 4.Nokia N95 8GB 5.Sony Ericsson K800i

Most Referred Products Our next analysis was based on the most referred products among the Youpark community which includes software from popular categories of Entertainment, Productivity, Travel and Utility. 1. eFile 2. BBSmart HTML Email Viewer 3. Mobile Webcam 4. IM+ for Skype 5. Pocket Antivirus

Top 5 Youpark Developers

Youpark presently works with over 360 developer partners, providing a catalog of more than 15,000 best selling mobile applications & games with new products being continuously updated. The Top 5 Youpark developers are selected on the basis of their quality content; highest number of sales and maximum number of software downloads.

1. SPB Softwarehouse 2. DynoPlex 3. Soti.Net 4. Mobifusion 5. SymbianGuru

About Author Sarah is a Software Engineer, currently associated with Youpark.com exploring areas of mobile content and mobile application development in the areas of productivity and entertainment.

Forensic Handwriting Analysis: How is Handwriting Analysis Used in a Crime?

Handwriting analysis is a very complex area of study in the criminal law area. The analysis is used to determine if a person has committed a crime in which documents were used, such as ransom notes, letters of intent to harm another, suicide notes, or even in cases of forgery on documents such as letters or a check signature. Analyzing the handwriting on a document for the purposes of a criminal investigation requires a sample of the person's handwriting for comparison. For example, the investigators will require the accused to submit a handwritten document with various styles of writing, which may include cursive or print with like or near similar wording used on the documentation in question.

Once having the original document and the sample document, created for comparison, the handwriting analysis begins. You might suspect that the analysis will begin by looking for close similarities in the handwriting style. However, this is not true; instead, they will begin looking for significant differences in the styles. To determine rather the accused could have possibly have written the document, they look for differences within the two handwritten documents.

If after the initial handwriting analysis, the investigators cannot conclude that the accused did not write the document, they will analyze the document even further and more thoroughly. So, what are they looking for? How will they determine if the accused did indeed write the document in question? There are several key items they are looking for in the handwriting.

Many times the investigators will use a microscope or magnifying glass to analyze the documents. This allows them a closer look at the traits within the handwriting on both documents. In handwriting analysis, they are looking for specific handwriting traits such as letterform, line form, and formatting.

Letterform looks at the letter size, slants, and curves, as well as the line connections, slopes, and how a specific letter is written in regards to the beginning, end, or middle of a word. For example, a person may write the letter "e" differently in the middle of a word, than they might at the end of a word.

With line form, they are looking at the smoothness and darkness of the handwritten lines. This will tell the analyst the type of pressure applied when the item is written, as well as how fast or slow the document creator writes.

In formatting, they are looking at how both document writers space not only their letters, but their words as well. They are also looking for how the writers place their words on the lines, as well as the type of margins left by the author of each document.

Handwriting analysis is a very tedious process that must be performed accurately and concisely in order to properly determine if the author is the same or different from the accused.

Fabiola Castillo is an online marketer for the website NinjaCOPS.com. Her virtual store specializes in personal defense products where you can buy pepper spray, kubaton keychains, wholesale stun guns, nunchaku technique videos, wireless hidden cameras, expandable steel batons, and many other home security products.

Technical or Fundamental Analysis (Forecasting) - part 2

In part one of this article, I noticed some advantages of technical analysis and emphasized that technical analysis is superior to fundamental analysis. At the end of this article, I've put the link to part one.

The goal of this article is to explain that you can increase your returns and gains with some knowledge about Fundamental Analysis.

Why Fundamental Analysis is needed?

One of defects in Technical Analysis is that it's a little slow.

It means that the increasing trend of a stock started before, but after some tardiness (maybe after some days) signals of purchase appear in Technical Analysis method. Or for example on the ground of news that company publishes, you could distinguish decreasing trend of stock is starting (with Fundamental Analysis) but decreasing trend's signals appear with some tardiness in Technical Analysis.

In Technical Analysis, with notice to the past of stock you could forecast its future.

Suppose that a new company who enter in the stock market, There is no past to help us to forecast its future, so you should get helps from Fundamental Analysis.

Sometimes, you find a stock in the stock market that it's good to buy with Technical Factors but when you analyze it with Fundamental Factors you find that the price of this stock is too far from its real value and its price is increased like a bubble and maybe there are some manipulations in the stock.

Conclusion

Combination of these two methods could give you too much advantage and you could increase the return in the stock market. In fact, it's better to know both methods and then choose one of theme as a principal method and use other method as a help.

But you should notice that analyze of a stock with Fundamental method takes too much time. Remember that you use this method to complete Technical Analysis, so continue your researches in Fundamental Analysis until your researches in Technical Analysis complete. In other words: Find a stock technically and then be sure that there is no problem fundamentally.

Read part 1: Why Technical Analysis is Superior to Fundamental Analysis

By Mostafa Soleimanzadeh. Learn how to Invest in the Stock Market by reading Free Tips about Stocks.

Guide Forex

There are 2 types of analysis you can take when approaching the forex: Fundamental analysis and Technical analysis. There has always been a constant debate as to which analysis is better, but to tell you the truth, you need to know a little bit of both. So let’s break each one down and then come back and put them together. Fundamental Analysis

Fundamental analysis is a way of looking at the market through economic, social and political forces that affect supply and demand. (Yada yada yada.) In other words, you look at whose economy is doing well, and whose economy sucks. The idea behind this type of analysis is that whoever’s economy is doing well; their currency will also be doing well. This is because the better a country’s economy is, the more trust other countries have in that currency. For example, the U.S. dollar has been gaining strength because the U.S. economy is gaining strength. As the U.S. interest rates keep increasing, the value of the dollar continues to increase. And that is what we call fundamental analysis. Later on in the course you will learn which specific news events drive currency prices the most. For now, just know that the fundamental analysis of the forex is a way of analyzing a currency through the strength of that country’s economy.

Technical Analysis

Technical analysis is the study of price movement. In one word, technical analysis=charts. The idea is that a person can look at historical price movements, and based on the price action, can determine on some level where the price will go. By looking at charts, you can identify trends and patterns which can help you find good trading opportunities. The most IMPORTANT thing you will ever learn in technical analysis is the trend! Many many many many many many people have a saying that goes, “The trend is your friend”. The reason is that you are much more likely to make money when you can find a trend and trade in the same direction. Technical analysis can help you identify these trends in its earliest stages and therefore (did I just say therefore?) provide you with very profitable trading opportunities.

Now I know you’re thinking to yourself, “Geez, these guys are smart. They use big words like “therefore”. I can never learn this stuff.” Never fear my friend; you too will be just as uhh…smart as us. By the way, do you feel that green pill kicking in yet? Bark like a dog!

http://h1.ripway.com/fallingrain/Forex.php

Understanding Forex - #2 - Technical Analysis

1. What is Forex

2. Technical analysis

3. Fundamental analysis

4. Money management

5. Compound interest

Technical Analysis.

Unless you are new to trading you probably know already that technical analysis is a method of forecasting future price movement of commodities, securities, etc (in this case currencies) based on chart analysis, pattern formations, technical indicators, etc. Forex can be traded technically and in my opinion it is quiet predictable.

No trading strategy will work 100% of the time. That’s why you need proper money management techniques. Anyway, technical analysis is important to determine where the price of the currencies is going, also when to enter and exit positions.

There are different technical analysis techniques that you can implement to your trading strategies. I show here how to use technical indicators which is a very common technique among most technical traders.

There are many technical indicators. Some of them are more common and useful than others. In my opinion you won’t need dozens of them to know when to enter or exit a trade. It is about quality, not quantity. I think though that it is better to relay on a few indicators than in only one.

If you trade based on the signals of only one indicator, you may miss some important information about the market that other technical indicators would reveal to you. By using a few technical indicators instead of only one, you can make more educated and accurate choices.

So, I will show you here some very common technical indicators and how they are used to forecast market prices. Remember that technical indicators are the basis of technical analysis systems.

You can implement three different aspects to your trading systems. One is technical analysis as I explain here. The other is fundamental analysis. The third one is money management as I explain in my other articles on this series.

Common technical indicators and their definitions:

1. Average Directional Index - ADX

An indicator used in technical analysis to determine the strength of a prevailing trend.

2. Exponential Moving Average - EMA

A type of moving average that is similar to a simple moving average, except that more weight is given to the latest data.

3. Moving Average Convergence Divergence - MACD

A trend-following momentum indicator that shows the relationship between two moving averages of prices.

4. Bollinger Band

A band plotted two standard deviations away from a simple moving average.

5. Fibonacci - There are many Fibonacci indicators like the following . . .

a. Fibonacci Time Zones

b. Fibonacci Fan

c. Fibonacci Channel

d. Fibonacci Arc

c. Fibonacci Clusters

d. Fibonacci Numbers/Lines

e. Fibonacci Retracement

f. Fibonacci Extensions

6. Relative Strength Index - RSI

A technical momentum indicator that compares the magnitude of recent gains to recent losses in an attempt to determine overbought and oversold conditions of an asset.

7. Stochastic Oscillator

A technical momentum indicator that compares a security's closing price to its price range over a given time period.

8. Williams %R In technical analysis, this is a momentum indicator measuring overbought and oversold levels, similar to a stochastic oscillator.

You can learn more about these technical indicators and how they are used if you visit www.investopedia.com. Most technical analysis systems combine at least a few technical indicators to forecast the market. I think that proper technical analysis skills are an important aspect of most successful trading systems.

You can learn more about Forex and trading systems from my other articles on this series. I covered here important aspects of technical analysis, but most successful trading systems need some fundamental analysis and/or money management too.

EasyWebRiches.com © 2006

By Nathaniel Tabares - Visit his website at www.easywebriches.com for more details.

Website Content

1) Competitor Analysis 2) Keyword research 3) Linking - Internal and External 4) Coding your Meta tags i.e. Header Tag, Description Tag, and Keyword Tag. 5) Well optimized Content

The focus of this article is website content. That website content is a very important element in most successful internet marketing campaigns, cannot be stressed enough.

Now don't get me wrong; I am not saying website content is the only component you need to have for a successful internet marketing campaign, other elements are also very important. Content is a very strong element if the search engine is to correctly identify where a website belongs in its search engine listings. Other elements used in search engine marketing -see the elements listed above- can be manipulated to try and deceive the search engines, but good solid website content will give you an advantage over your competitors that have little or no content.

Why will it give you an advantage? If your website content is dedicated to a particular subject or theme, then search engine logic will be able to determine where your website will best fit within its search pages.

Even though this article is mainly focused around the benefits that strong content brings to your search engine rankings, don't focus purely on the search engines when writing content for your website. After all, the main purpose of having a website in the first place is to attract customers who will buy your product or service, not search engines!

Website content should have the following components:

1) Relevance to the product or service you are offering; 2) Incorporate targeted key phrases throughout; 3) Focus on the relevant sales message per product/service, as well as making it informative. 4) Free information, articles or hints and tips.

1) Relevance to the product or service you are offering;

Many websites make the mistake of covering multiple products or services on a single page. Not only can this be confusing for visitors to your website, but it also means that your overall keyword density on each page is weak. The aim is to ensure your relevant keywords appear often enough through your content to give you the opportunity to attain high rankings in the major search engines for your targeted keywords.

Note: Wherever possible, make the focus of each web page relate to one particular product or service.

For businesses that offer a range of different products or services, this can sometimes be quite difficult to effectively manage and organize. This is where it is of more benefit to hire a professional web designer to manage the structure of your website more effectively. Your website needs to be clear and concise for your customers as well as being effectively optimized for the search engines.

2) Incorporate targeted key phrases throughout;

Key phrases are an important part of any search engine marketing campaign. Most search engine marketing specialists will tell you that your keywords should make up approximately two to five percent of your content for optimal results.

Note: This percentage range is an estimate as there is no documentation provided by any search engine company to support this.

3) Focus on the relevant sales message per product/service, as well as making it informative.

a) Relevant Sales message:

This statement is referred to as a "call-to-action". A Call-to-action triggers a user to perform a certain action; in this case the action performed is clicking on this special offer. Various sales and marketing research shows that when a call-to-action is used, the conversion rate to sale or enquiry is significantly higher.

b) Detailed information relating to the product or service being sold:

There are two main types of users that visit websites: those that like detail and those that want the information they are looking for delivered in brief summary.

For the purpose of this example, let's refer to:

Detailed person - Person A

Summary person - Person B

An article like this is written to target "Person A", as "Person B" generally isn't interested in reading an article of this length.

With this in mind, when writing website content that has a sales focus, ensure that you provide your summary or sales message in the initial one to three -short- paragraphs, and then continue with the detail in the following paragraphs.

Alternatively, where it fits the structure of your web page better, provide your product or service summaries on a main page, with links from each category to a page dedicated to the full content information.

The last thing you want to do is overwhelm someone with so much information that they don't end up reading anything, and opts out for a website that provides information that is delivered in a much simpler format.

4) Free information, articles or hints and tips.

Create reasons for your customers to keep returning to your website!

How do you create reasons for visitors to return to your website? Free information that relates to or compliments your product or service is a great way to keep visitors coming back to your website, i.e. if your website focuses on bathroom tiles, provide free tips on how to care for your tiles, or on the best method for laying the tiles for those that want to "do-it-yourself". You could create a dedicated section within your website titled "Do-it-Yourself".

By providing free helpful information, not only are you adding extra fresh website content; you are also providing extra reasons for your customers to keep returning to your website. Note: A visitor to your website may not want to buy from you today, but if you can give them a reason to remember your website when they are ready to buy, there is a very good chance you will get a sale from them at a future date.

How often should you add Content?

Ideally if you could add or make changes to your website content everyday it would greatly benefit your site in terms of search results. However, unless you have someone managing your website full-time, this is often difficult to manage.

I recommend that you make at least small adjustments/changes to your website on a weekly basis, and add fresh content on a weekly, fortnightly or monthly basis. This will keep the search engines interested in your site, and when you do make changes they will be quickly picked up and listed in the search engine results.

For any content on your website that is no longer relevant, or is out of date, either remove it, or where applicable archive it on your site. Blog software is ideal for effectively managing articles or updates on your website. Just ensure that if you do setup a Blog on your website, that it has the ability to archive and sort your articles and updates effectively.

Writing Articles

Ideally I recommend you write articles or hints and tips yourself wherever possible. The benefits to you and your business will include;

- Credibility in your customers' eyes as they will feel comfortable about your confidence and knowledge of your product. - Fresh original content for your website which search engines (especially Google) love.

If you are unable to write content for your website due to time restrictions, or feel you don't have sufficient skills to write a professional content, there are other resources available to you:

- Free articles sites where you can download and use articles on almost any subject you can think of. - Hire a professional copywriter to write your content for you. This is a more expensive option, but gives you the added advantage of fresh original content.

Having a website that is rich in well optimized content will have your website well on the way towards being successful in your search engine marketing campaign. Don't be discouraged if you don't have much content on your website now. It is never too late to get started, and no time is better than the present to get started!

Note: To-date, no matter what search engine algorithm changes occur, content has always remained an important component for search engines to determine where a website will rank for specific keywords within their results.

The article has been written by creative team of Webshree. This article cannot be reproduced or used without permission from Webshree.com. Visit www.webshree.com for Internet Marketing and Search Engine Optimization Services.

Author: Pooja Goyal email: puja@webshree.com URL : http://www.webshree.com/contact-us.aspx

How To Sell Your Content: It’s Not Just For Displaying On Websites

Research in Social Sciences: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

Research in Social Sciences: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

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